Research On Antonio Negri And Michael Hardt's "Theory Of Empire"

The end of the 20th century was one of the major nodes in the development of human history.On the one hand,with the advent of economic globalization,the economic activities of various countries had broken the boundaries of the country.The main manifestations included:the free flow of merchandise trade,the frequent flow of talents and funds,multinational companies was also rising in the world,showing unprecedented convergence between the country and the country,industry and industry.On the other hand,the capitalist mode of production once again dominated after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe,and it was chasing world-wide.Under the theme of the era of peace and development,the world appeared the stable pattern,wchich was supported by countries and regions with multiple economic strengths.In addition,with the advent of the era of knowledge-based economy,knowledge plays an increasingly important role in the production process and has a tremendous impact on the economic structure and social division of labor in developed countries.The new international situation and economic situation challenged the old concept of international governance.After the colonial fantasy of the traditional imperialists collapsed,the new global governance ideas are on the horizon.Under the call of the times,under the influence of the trend of thought of common governance.The Italy autonomy tradition and the western post-modernism thought,Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt have made a postmodernist explanation of the new picture of capitalism,and through a series of books to maintain and demonstrate the theory.‘Empire','Multitude','Declaration','Commonwealth'.Negri and Hart believed that the entire western societywas entering the process of post-modernization or informatization.The most important changes are four points:First,the world market,as a hierarchy of levels and needs,has become a central link that can regulate the tools of global circulation networks and has begun to play a decisive role in the economic development of all countries and regions.This is a new global order and a new stage of capitalism.It means the global expansion of capitalism,the weakening of nation-states,and the formation of supranational organizations;Second,the post-modern society is the historical transition from discipline society to control society.In such society,the deep political space gradually turns to the political space of the plane,and the subjective production tends to be more and morefree from any specific location,time constraints,life-political production and resistance have become more and more internalized;Furthermore,compared with the material labor Marx said,the role of non-material labor in the production process is increasingly important.It has become a new economic foundation for the construction of the empire.This non-material labor is in a networked post-modern capitalist economic environment.In the end,Hart and Negri believe that every new phase of the revolution creates the conditions for the full play of human emancipation potential,capitalism is relative to feudalism,the empire is relatively.This is also true of capitalism.Since the empire is completely different from the socialist form of capitalism,the subject of the revolution naturally no longer is the proletariat advocated by Marxists.They believe that the subject of non-material labor,the "mass" can assume the responsibility of liberation.It is a "new historical subject" to against the empire.Mass,immaterial labor,life political power and Empire constitute the four pillars of imperial theory,which perfectly support the two logics of empire building and resistance to Empire.This is a useful attempt to combine postmodernism and Marxism,which not only exposes the new forms of oppression and exploitation of capitalism,but also puts forward the great goal of achieving global democracy.However,on the two key issues:Has capitalism gone through the stage of imperialism and moved toward the era of empire?Can the illusory mass replace the dominant position of the working class and lead the laborers to achieve liberation?Negri and Hart made unrealistic judgments.Firstly,under the conditions of the era of globalization,the characteristics of imperialism have not completely disappeared,and national sovereignty still occupies a central position in international exchanges.The differences between the South and the North in the international community,the financial crisis,and the imperialist war still occur from time to time.Secondly,the path of popular liberation from production is different from that of traditional Marxism in that the main body of revolution,the revolutionary process,and revolutionary goals are not historical materialism,and cannot be used as a scientific theory to guide the communist revolution.The value of the theory is not just self-consistent,especially left-wing thinkers like Negri and Hart,who have political ideas,and we must use theoretical scientific and realistic possibilities for the theories they propose.A double judgment is made,and the theory of the Empire,whether in theory or in reality,lacks the persuasive power it deserves.The author believes that the limitation of the empire theory lies in the denial of historical dialectics.They equate the concept of labor in the general sense with production in the economic sense of Marx so that they cannot find the change in capitalism.Eventually,it leaded to Misjudgment to the development of the entire world situation.