Research On The Changes Of The Supervisory System In The Ming Dynasty From The Perspective Of Historical Institutionalism

As an important part of the political system,the supervisory system plays an important role in punishing the evil of the officials,clarifying the official system,and improving the administrative efficiency within the ruling group.Since ancient China,the supervision system has developed a long history.It has experienced continuous development and perfection in the dynasties,and the Ming Dynasty formed a crisscrossed and strict system of supervision network.However,since the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the supervision system gradually declined,so that the corrupt officials were in power,the government was dim,and corruption was prevalent,and the supervision system gradually became paralyzed.The focus in this article is to study the changes of the supervisory system during the historical period from Ming Taizu Zhu Yuan zhang to Chong zhen Emperor Zhu You Jian.Taking historical institutionalism theory as a research perspective,it used historical analysis,institutional research,and comparative research.Chapter 1 :explained the basic concepts and the theory of historical institutionalism intensively,and laid a theoretical foundation for the analysis and clarification of the concepts in the following chapters.Chapter 2: analyzed the three influencing factors that could be established in the Ming Dynasty supervisory system,starting from the formation of the Ming Dynasty supervisory system,namely the inertial role of historical factors,realistic environmental constraints and the influence of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuan zhang's behavioral preferences.Chapter3:combining the time theory of historical institutionalism,systematically expounded the establishment of the supervision system of the Ming Dynasty—gradually deepening—weakening day by day—the historical process of the paralysis of supervision.Chapter 4 :used the theory of institutional change to explain the dynamics of the supervisory system and divided the dynamics of the Ming Dynasty's supervisory system into endogenous one and exogenous one,in order to analyze the effectiveness of the Ming Dynasty's supervisory system using the theory of institutional efficiency.Chapter 5: Through the interpretation of the changes in the supervisory system of the Ming Dynasty,this paper presented the modern reference of the changes in the supervisory system of the Ming Dynasty by drawing lessons from the past,presenting the government,and absorbing nutrients from history.The main research conclusions are:(1)The nature of the Ming Dynasty supervision system was an internally closed structure.The supervision energy accumulated at the beginning of the establishment of the system was continuously consumed during its continuous operation until all the energy was consumed.When all the energy was exhausted,it died at the time,and the Ombudsmancould not save the decline.(2)The key veto point of the supervisory system was profit-making.The supervisory system gradually evolved as an important way for supervisory officials to seek their own interests,creating huge rent-setting space,causing some officials to corrupt and use their power for private gain.The type of change in the supervisory system of the Ming Dynasty was a mandatory and proactive change from top to bottom.The emperor was the supreme power monopolist and the first act subject in the supervision system change.The path dependence of the supervisory system changed: After the establishment of the supervisory system in the Ming Dynasty,it had a "historical inertia" that continued along this path.Since the founding supervision system of the Ming Dynasty,a positive self-reinforcement mechanism emerged,namely the gradual optimization along the established path.But since the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the emperor was in a doldrums,and the monitoring system entered a certain locked state,gradually moving towards depression and even paralysis.The power structure of the supervisory system in the Ming Dynasty was the consistent power structure of the upper and lower phases,that is,the dual-track internal and external power structure of the central inner court group and the outer court group.