Research On The Symmetry And Asymmetry Of The Antonyms "xu" And "real"

Antonyms play an important role in modern Chinese vocabulary system,and the phenomenon of symmetry and asymmetry deserve our attention.In this paper,the antonyms "Xu" and "Shi" as the research object,mainly based on three planes grammatical theory and the markedness theory,combined with specific corpus,investigated and analyzes the two symmetry and asymmetry in the three levels of vocabulary,syntax and semantics,and explains the causes of the asymmetry of "Xu"and "Shi" from the Internal and external perspectives of the language.At the lexical level,this paper compares and analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of the "Xu" and "Shi" in terms of item number,the number of word-formation,frequency of use,word formation and fixed phrases.The comparison shows that there is not much difference in the number of "Xu" and "Shi" senses,both of which have their own characteristics and exist symmetrical items in specific senses;in the formation of words,the number of "Shi" words is more than "Xu"because the unmarked item "Shi" has positivity and is more prominent than the marked item "Xu".People tend to use "Shi" expression to communicate,so the use frequency of "Shi" is much higher than that of "Xu",and the so "Shi" has stronger ability to form words than "Xu".Therefore,both at the lexical level showing asymmetry.At the syntactic level,this paper comparatively analyzes the phenomena of symmetry and asymmetry of "Xu" and "Shi" when they as modifier and syntactic components.The study found that "Xu" and“Shi" can modify nouns,verbs and adjectives.However,when they are modified by adverbs,they present asymmetry,and some adverbs can only modify "Xu" or "Shi".Because "Shi/Xu" has expressed a certain polar state of things,the adverb that can be used is limited.As syntactic components,they can be used as subject,predicate,object,attribute,adverbial and complement in sentences,but specific to a particular component,both with their own characteristics,showing the asymmetry.At the semantic level,this article summarizes the phenomena of symmetry and asymmetry in the evolutionary process of the "Xu" and "Shi" semantics.The research finds that the semantic evolution modes of "Xu" and "Shi" are similar,all follow the evolution mode from the individual to the general and from the concrete to the.In terms of the number of senses,the meaning of "Shi" is more than that of"Xu",and the range of extension of "Shi" is wider than that of "Xu".In addition,"Xu" and "Shi" has different feelings,the meaning of "Shi" has a commendatory color,and the meaning of "Xu" has a derogatory sense.Finally,the paper analyzes the main causes of asymmetry between "Xu" and"Shi" from both the internal and the external language.The semantic internal reason are mainly due to the existence of markedness,the influence of economic principles and semantic evolution,which makes the antonymy relationship between them not unique.The "Shi"not only has the antonymy relation with the word "Xu",but also has the antonymy relation with the word "Jia","Kong" and "Ming",so "Xu" and "Shi" in the use of language presented asymmetry.The external reasons of language are mainly language users affected by psychological factors,cognitive factors,politeness principles and economic principles.In daily communication,people tend to be efficient and concise,preferring to use simplest forms to express rich,accurate and positive information,and also to make it easier for the listener to accept it.Therefore,people tend to use "Shi",the frequency of "Shi" is higher than that of "Xu" high,so"Xu" and "Shi" presents asymmetry in the use of language.