A Study Of The Image Of Turkey In The Eyes Of Europeans In The 16th Century

The determination of the European identity and the European boundary depends to a great extent on the interaction and collision of the other,in the process of which the boundaries and identities of Europe gradually become clear.Ottoman Turkey is the most important other in the history of Europe.As the most important other in the history of Europe,Ottoman Turkey,to a great extent,makes Europeans learn from the image of Turkey,thus strengthening the construction of European identity.In the 16th century,the Ottoman Empire was at its peak with the succession of Suleiman.At the same time,the advent of technological innovation and printing in Europe led to the widespread dissemination of knowledge;The humanistic movement was also developing;Mapping techniques and new astronomy were maturing;Religious reform was in full swing.Because of the geopolitical relationship,the great power of the Ottoman Empire has had a great impact on Europe,which caused a great panic in Europe.It was followed by a change in Europe's image of the Turks.From the point of view of European and Christian civilization,Turkey is the typical representative of "terror of the world" and "cruel infidel".In particular,the fall of Constantinople in 1453 undoubtedly intensified the construction of the negative image of Turkey in Europe.In fact,the relationship between Turkey and Europe is manifested in the rejection and confrontation of Turkey by Europe,which has many factors,such as religion,culture,etc.This paper attempts to explore the image and reasons of Europe towards Turkey in the 16th century from three aspects:the humanist Erasmus,the religious reformer Martin Luther,and the naval war of Lepanto.And it try to provide a historical reference for Turkey's application to join the European Union,to provide historical experience for the exchanges between China and European countries,and thus to reflect on the exchange of different civilizations and cultures.This article consists of the following three chapters:First of all,this chapter explores the transformation of Europe's image of Turkey by examining Europe before the 16th century,analyzes Erasmus,the representative of the humanist movement,about Europe and Turkey at that time,understands how Christians become Europeans,and how to be the "other" in Europe.Since the 14th century,Turkey has posed a great threat to Europe,especially the fall of Constantinople in 1453,which has hit the proud West.The pope and Christians followed the propaganda of the Crusades.Think of Turkey as a barbarian.Under the slogan of crusading "infidel",they exaggerate the brutality of Turks,incite all Europeans to defend their own territory and religion,and wage war against Turks.While,as a representative of humanism,Erasmus criticized and criticized Europe at that time.From the angle of war and peace,he rationally analyzed the legitimacy and necessity of the Turkish war,and believed that the European monarchs held the slogan of so-called justice.In fact,the idea of revenge and the pursuit of power and ambition can,in fact,prevent war from treating Turks with a Christian gentleness.The second part focuses on Martin Luther's view of the Ottoman Turks as a religious reform leader,and analyzes the "War against Turkey",which he wrote in 1528,and discusses the reasons for the change of Luther's attitude towards Turkey and its influencing factors.Look at Europe's attitude toward Turks from a religious point of view.In the 16th century,when Turkey's peak of power collided with religious reform in Europe,Protestant states interpreted Turkey's attack as God's punishment of Catholic.Luther,the flagship of religious reform,reacted to the Turkish threat.Similar to ordinary Europeans,it has the distinctive characteristics of religious reform advocates.To promote Protestant reform,Luther viewed Turkey as a "the Rod of God's Fury" and an "Antichrist" that aimed to describe the Turks as greedy and cruel.The third part focuses on the analysis of the European Union of Christ and the Ottoman Empire in 1571 launched a naval war in Lepanto,Greece,through its war background,through a brief description,Analyze the importance of this naval war to the Europeans and explore the changes in Europe's image of Turkey.The naval battle at Lepanto turned out to be a victory for the Holy Alliance and the loss of the Ottoman Empire's maritime hegemony in the Mediterranean.And the significance of this naval battle was not only that it put an end to the Christian fear of the Turks.Europeans were encouraged by renewed confidence in Christian civilization.While Ottoman Turkey has not stopped expanding,European attitudes towards Turkey are no longer the same as previous fears.The fourth part dialysis the three typical event relations with Turkey on the basis of historical importance in the 16th century,discusses the image changes of Europe to Turkey in the 16th century,and reflects on the image theory to a certain extent.Europe defines itself and distinguishes itself from the other by defining the Turks.It is especially emphasized that the image is influenced by historical factors and is easy to solidify and become old-fashioned,thus affecting the shaping and construction of the present and future image concepts.