| Dioscoreae Rhizome(Yam)is one of the commonly used in clinic as medicinal and edible material,contained in "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic",and listed as the up grade.Henan Province is the genuine producing area of Dioscoreae Rhizome.which is the dry rhizome of Dioscorea opposita,in the "four Huai drug" together with Achyranthes bidentata.Chrysanthemum and Rehmanniae Radix.At present,there are mainly Mao Yam Pieces,Guang Yam Pieces and bran-fried Yam Pieces in the market.The classification of Yam Pieces in the Seventy-six Commodity Specification Classification of Chinese Medicinal Materials has no perfect grading evaluation standard,which leads to different specifications and no obvious classifications.This study inherits the traditional concept of traditional Chinese medicine.carries out modern research,mainly focuses on the content of extracts,combines the ancient traditional classification experience with modern physical and chemical technology,verifies the impact of different grades of yam pieces on biological effects,and establishes a new evaluation method for the specifications and grades of yam pieces,provide new ideas for evaluation methods of commodity specifications of other traditional Chinese medicines,and to serve the construction of standard system of traditional Chinese medicinesObjective:With the rapid development of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine and the rapidly increasing market demand,the quality standard system of traditional Chinese medicines is constantly improving.The scientific standard for the classification of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces can no longer meet the actual clinical drug use.This study tries to take yam pieces as the research object,based on the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine and classification of traditional medicinal products,combined with modern physical and chemical research,biological evaluation research,the commodity specifications of Chinese yam pieces were systematically studied.aiming at establishing a new method for evaluating the grades of yam pieces.Methods:(1)Literature review:By consulting ancient books and pharmacopoeia,searching CNKI,WanFang database and Pubmed database,sorting out ancient books and documents related to commodity specifications of yam and traditional Chinese medicine,combing the historical origin of yam,summarizing the evaluation methods of commodity specifications and quality control of traditional Chinese medicine,and thinking about the evaluation ideas of grading of yam pieces.(2)Traditional experience identification:59 batches of yam pieces and 28 batches of and bran-fried yam pieces from genuine and non-genuine areas were collected and numbered according to its origin.Preliminary analysis according to the traditional classification method,and their appearance characteristics,such as surface characteristics,thickness,diameter,color and odor,were observed and described according to the origin.(3)Modern physical and chemical detection:micro-identification,water content,total ash content,-water-soluble extract content.Water-soluble extract content will be the main index of its classification,using medical statistical software to analyze the correlation between the index and other,and cluster analysis of water-soluble extracts of each batch of yam pieces,summarizes the differences classification description of yam pieces.(4)Biological effect evaluation:study the biological effect of the decoction after grading,give the decoction of different grades of yam pieces to normal mice and pathological rats with pulmonary fibrosis respectively,to observe whether different grades of yam pieces have different effects on animal physiological function and pathological morphology,to analyze whether the grade is related to clinical use,and to verify rationality of the evaluation method.Results:The collected yam pieces were measured according to the 2015 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China,and the results showed that they were qualified pieces.Microscopic observation of the powder of yam decoction pieces showed that no structure was found in the fake products such as stone cells.The moisture content of the yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 12%specified in the Pharmacopoeia.The moisture content of Mao yam tablets and Guang yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 16%specified in the Pharmacopoeia.The moisture content of bran-fried yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 12%specified in the Pharmacopoeia.And the relevant changes with the quality of yam pieces were not observed in the measurement results.The total ash content of the yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 4%prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia.The total ash content of Mao yam tablets and Guang yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 2%prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia.The total ash content of bran fried yam tablets did not exceed the limit of 5%specified by the Pharmacopoeia.In the measurement results,no significant correlation with the classification of yam pieces was observed.The water content and total ash content are affected by external factors easily,so they are not used as grading indicators.The content of water-soluble extracts of yam tablets is between 11.94 and 14.91%,which meets the minimum requirement of 10%in the pharmacopoeia.The content of water-soluble extracts of Guang yam tablets and Mao yam tablets is between 4.89 and 10.49%,which is in line with the minimum prescribed in the pharmacopoeia.Requires 4%,the content of water-soluble extract of bran fried yam tablets is between 4.01 and17.22%,which meets the minimum requirement of 4%specified in the pharmacopoeia.Combined with the results of water-soluble extracts of yam pieces,and traditional Chinese medicine theory,it was found that the content of water-soluble extracts has an uncut relationship with the classification of yam pieces.Therefore,the content of water-soluble extracts is one of the main indicators for evaluating the classification of yam pieces.The water-soluble extract content of yam pieces was correlated with other indexes such as diameter,water content,total ash content,a*,b*.It was positively correlated with diameter,total ash content,ba*and negatively correlated with water content.a*.The water-soluble extract content of the bran-fried yam pieces was positively correlated with diameter,total ash content and b*,but not with moisture content.Cluster analysis showed that yam pieces were divided into three categories,and bran fried yam pieces were divided into two categories.For the time being,yam tablets,Mao yam tablets and Guang yam tablets are collectively referred to as yam tablets.The study summarizes the character expression and index limit of water-soluble extract content classification of yam pieces and bran-fried yam pieces.The specific classification results are as follows:first-class yam pieces water-soluble extract of should not be less than 11%,thick round tablets with no residual skin,thickness between 4?5 mm,diameter between 20?28mm,water content limit is 10%,total ash content limit is 4%,origin is Henan;water-soluble extract of second-class yam pieces must not be less than 8%,thick round slices with little or no residual skin,thickness is between 3?6 mm,diameter is between 12?21mm,water content limit is 15%,total ash content limit is 2%,origin is Henan or other main producing areas;water-soluble extract of third-class yam pieces no less than 8%,round thick slices with little or no residual skin,about 3?6 mm in thickness,about 11?18 mm in diameter,15%in moisture content,2%in total ash content and no limitation in origin.Water-soluble extracts of excellent products of bran-fried yam pieces should not be less than 10%.No or occasional scorched spots,no or slightly acidic taste on the slices.The thickness is between 2-4mm and the diameter is about 12?29rmm,the water content limit is 10%,the total ash content limit is 4%,the origin is Henan.The water-soluble extract content of bran-fried yam pieces can not be less than 4%,the cut surface can see focal spot,the water content limit is 12%,the total ash limit is 2%,and areas are unlimited.In order to verify the rationality of yam recipe,establish a biological effect method,take yam pieces as the research object,conduct drug administration experiments on normal and pathological animals,observe the changes of appearance signs and serum indicators,and analyze whether different grades of decoction pieces have varying degrees of influence.In the observation of the administration of normal mice,the body weight of each group showed no obvious growth trend and the body health;the results of swimming experiments showed that the mice administered with yam pieces had strong energy and increased physical strength and endurance.The swimming exhaustion time is generally longer than that of the normal group.The female mice swim longer than the male mice.The different levels of yam pieces have a slight effect on the spleen coefficient,although the spleen coefficient of each drug group is higher than that of the normal group.But only the first-class group presents the difference and is the biggest.The results reflect that different levels of yam pieces have different effects on the body function of normal mice.The pulmonary fibrosis model of rats induced by bleomycin was established.By observing the pathological morphology of rats,it was found that different grades of yam tablets have different effects on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in rats.Although yam has the function of strengthening the spleen and stomach,it has no significant effect on the body weight of rats with pulmonary fibrosis,which can significantly alleviate the side effects of the positive drug dexamethasone on the body weight loss caused by the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis rats.There was no significant effect on body temperature and respiratory rate indicators.The results of HE staining pathology,Sirius red staining pathology and hydroxyproline content were observed to confirm the successful replication of pulmonary fibrosis model.The inflammatory response and fibrotic pathological changes of different grades of yam pieces in rats with pulmonary fibrosis perform different degrees of impact.Combined with immunomodulatory effects,there was no consistent effect on the expression levels of IFN-y,IL-6.TGF-?1 and TNF-a in the serum of rats with pulmonary fibrosis,but the comprehensive results were observed.The effect of the product on the pathological morphology of rats with pulmonary fibrosis was slightly greater,and the difference between the products and the third-class products was slightly obvious.Conclusions:Taking the content of water-soluble extract of yam pieces as the main grading index,combined with the traditional trait identification and modern physicochemical techniques to establish a grading evaluation method of yam pieces,verifying by biological effects for rationality,establishing the standard grade standards for yam decoction pieces,a new three-dimensional evaluation method of "traditional experience identification-physicochemical inspection of commodities-modern pharmacodynamic evaluation",which provides a new idea for the evaluation method of other commodity specifications and grades,and is conducive to the improvement and development of the standardization system of traditional Chinese medicine. |
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