| In terms of genetic structure and phylogeography of wild boar population,most reports have focused on the study of European wild boar,much attention has been paid to the genetic relationship between domestic pigs and wild boars,domestication centers and origins of domestic pigs.however,the genetic differentiation in East Asian wild boar are poorly understood.In this study,we analyzed mitochondrial DNA control region sequence variation and combined 19 climatic factors and spatial distribution.data to explore the distribution pattern and historical influences of East Asian wild boars,and the influence of Pleistocene climate change on the geographical distribution pattern of wild boars.The main results are as follows:1.A total of 680 sequences,including 318 samples collected in East Asia and 362 sequences downloaded from GenBank,172 haplotypes were detected.The 27 haplotypes are unique and 145 were shared between sampling sites,the level of genetic diversity of wild boars was higher in East Asia than Europe.2.Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial control region revealed that East Asian wild boars were composed of 12 independent clades.Wild boars from Taiwan and Ryukyu island formed independent clades,respectively.Hainan and Janpan wild boars were mostly admixed in many clades,respectively.Korean wild boars subdivided into three subclades.The results showed that the East Asian wild boars in different geographical regions experienced different population histories.Mismatch analysis,neutrality tests,and BSP results unambiguously retrieved signals of two times population expansion,the first expansion occurred at approximately 0.3 Ma,the second expansion originated in the Qinling and Daba Mountains at approximately 0.08 Ma.This study revealed that asymmetric gene flow and two times population expansion played more important roles than Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in shaping the spatial genetic structure and distribution pattern of East Asian wild boar.3.This study used MaxEnt model combined with 19 climatic factors to predict the potential distribution of wild boar in East Asia.There is no large fluctuation in the suitable distribution range of wild boar after the LGM.The AUC values predicted by the model were 0.930(LGM)and 0.940(present)and>0.9 respectively.Annual average temperature(0.88),mean temperature of coldest quarter(0.88)and the warmest season precipitation(0.87)have a higher contribution to the distribution of LGM wild boar.The warmest season precipitation(0.89)and precipitation of driest period(0.87)have a higher contribution to the present distribution of wild boars.When other climatic factors remain unchanged,it was found that the warmest season precipitation contributed significant,the warmest season precipitation is an important factor limiting the distribution of wild boar during LGM.4.Qinling wild boar population have higher haplotypes and nucleotide diversity,its individuals were mostly in many clades.In this study,83 Qinling Mountains wild boar samples were collected,and the mtDNA control region sequence(943bp)and 12 microsatellite loci were used to reveal the geographical pattern of Qinling Mountains wild boar.A total of 17 haplotypes were defined in the 78 wild boar sequences,8 shared haplotypes among the sampling locality(87%),the other 9 haplotypes are unique?Two major monophyletic haplogroups were revealed in S.scrofa,designated here as clade I and clade II.These two clades had no geographical specificity.Assignment tests using the Bayesian method of structure identified two genetic clusters(K= 2),but there is no obvious genetic differentiation between the two groups. |
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