Transformation Of Labor Mode:A Historical Interpretation Of Marx's Labor Value Theory

The idea of labor value has a long history.Back in the period of ancient political philosophy,Aristotle divided labor in the field of human creation.His discussion of labor mainly serves the composition of the city-state system.Labor is a vassal of political life and does not have an independent economic significance.The shift in the outlook on duty in medieval Martin Luther's religious reforms has changed the long-disseminated social tendency to despise labor.Labor has become the responsibility of people's worldly life.In the modern period of political philosophy,the concept of labor "the sacred labor and the glory of labor" was universally accepted by the world.Through Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's beneficial exploration of the legitimacy of private property,labor is promoted as a private property's creative power to a universal level of public affairs.Labor liberated from the private economic field was combined by classical political economists as a creative element of value and a theory of value,and finally a labor value theory was formed.However,the labor in classical political economy is closely linked with social wealth.Therefore,the focus of labor value theory in this period only stays on the usefulness of labor-created things,and it is impossible to understand the hidden social relations behind labor products.It is G.W.F.Hegel who injects historic latitude into the concept of labor.He defines labor as a dynamic process,and individuals and society realize development through labor.In order to solve the problem of material interests,Karl Marx achieved a shift in the focus of research.He used the empirical methods of classical political economics to transcend G.W.F.Hegel's speculative philosophy.At the same time,he integrated the strong historical elements of G.W.F.Hegel's concept of labor into the labor value theory of classical political economy,and realized the self-consistency of capitalist society's external movement and realistic movement.In general,Karl Marx's theory of labor value presupposes the theory of value created by labor,starts with the commodity,and analyzes the contradictions contained in the capitalist mode of production hidden behind the commodity form,and finally realizes capitalism.As the most important theoretical turning point in the history of the development of labor theory of value,Karl Marx's theory of labor value achieved a theoretical qualitative change from the theoretical tool of the bourgeoisie against the feudal class to the theoretical weapon that guided the proletariat overthrowing bourgeois rule,making the proletariat aware of itself.The status of the main body is consciously shouldering the historical mission of liberating all mankind.Although Karl Marx's labor theory of value correctly reveals the operating law of commodity economy,the scientific controversy surrounding it has not stopped since its birth.The features of contemporary capitalist society are different from the historical stage of Karl Marx,and the practical effect of Karl Marx's labor value theory has been widely questioned.Among them,the two fields most closely related to Karl Marx's labor theory of value,the production field and the consumption field,have shown a new development trend.In response to social reality,new theories have emerged one after another.Among them,in the field of production,the most representative are Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's non-material labor theory.They identified the non-material labor tendencies of the labor mode in the process of post-Ford transformation,and analyzed the contemporary capital.The new mechanism of social power deployment and the change of the main liberation method.In the consumer field,the most representative is Jean Baudrillard's symbolic economics critique.He used the symbolic value to deconstruct Karl Marx's labor theory of value through the assertion that today's society has entered the consumer society,claiming "end of production","end of labor",and "end of history." However,the above theory,because of the lack of methodological guidance of historical materialism,can only be in the correspondence of the theories when dealing with real problems,and it lacks the feasibility of solving practical problems.