Indoctrination And Control:the Citizenship Education In The System Of KMT's Political Tutelage(1927-1937)

Citizenship education is closely related to the stability and development of a modern state.By implementing citizenship education,a country can instill a sense of national integrity,identity,citizenship and responsibility in its people effectively.At the same time it can also publicize and popularize modern ideas and improve the citizens' consciousness of democracy and participation abilities in addition to accelerating the process of democratization.Seen from the origin or the formation of a modern state,education,especially citizenship education,as one part of a modern state,plays an important role in founding the new nation and reconstructing political climate as well as developing the country.So,it is not only a distinct symbol of the education in the modern state system,but also the foundation of the national unity,continuity and stability.After going through the period of fierce turbulence in 20th century,China needs to establish a new integrated stable social system and concept system,which relies on the modernized citizens.As the political core of China,KMT undertook the responsibility of indoctrinating citizens:they laid the foundation for the development of citizenship education by determining the educational purpose of the Three People's Principles;they improved the self-cultivation of citizens through sports activities,military training,ceremonies,commemorative activities and the New-Life Movement;they also set up a civil platform through public organizations,which contributed a lot to the social stabilization and the awakening of citizens.However,education itself had been politically manipulated and socially limited,so KMT who practiced tyranny in politics indoctrinated people to defend against Heresy and controlled them.They infiltrated into education system to inculcate party theories and disciplined public body and interfered with activities of community to eliminate political opponents.Unfortunately,such a kind of citizenship education had acquired a stigma of preventing KMT from realizing political legitimacy because of its Pan-politicalization.As for citizenship education,KMT was in constant struggle between indoctrination and control.And the public were in a dilemma between the identification of partizans and citizens.However,even under an extant historical circumstance,some problems worth our deep thinking arise in what should be done for citizenship development,and which type of citizens are needed,and how to change the opposing points about the civil society and national politics which are addressed in western political philosophy so that the civil society will be the buffered zone for nation and society.