The Evolution Of The Policy Of American Citizens Entering China From 1960 To 1972

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 to the 1970 s,China and the United States have experienced a long period of confrontation and hostility in the past 30 years,especially the escalation of the Vietnam War in the 1960 s,which further intensified Sino-US confrontation.Americans came to mainland China.It is difficult to visit and travel.With the US government restricting citizens' visits to China,the emergence of tensions in Vietnam has added new obstacles to Sino-US diplomacy.This paper examines the US citizens' visit policy in China in the context of Sino-US diplomatic relations from 1960 to 1972.At the same time,using government archives,current affairs news,memoirs,etc.,to explore whether citizens' visits to China and tourism policies are effective foreign policy channels,and whether they can serve as a medium for exchanges between the two sides.In addition,research on American citizens' visits to China and tourism has expanded the horizons of Cold War research.The first chapter introduces Sino-US diplomacy after the founding of New China and several important factors affecting Sino-US relations.In the 1950 s,the United States imposed a blockade strategy against China under the leadership of Truman and Eisenhower,and suppressed it from political,economic and military aspects.The blockade policy during this period profoundly affected the China policy in the 1960 s and left many difficulties for the icebreaking of Sino-US relations.The second chapter introduces the policy of American citizens visiting China during President Kennedy.The policy tone of the Kennedy Administration basically follows the Eisenhower era to implement the containment and isolation policy,and strictly restricts citizens from coming to China.Although there have been mitigation policies,due to the tense international situation and The sudden assassination led to the Kennedy era still strictly restricting citizens from coming to China.The third chapter introduces the policy of American citizens visiting Chinaduring President Johnson.The Johnson Administration has made different voices and proposed to "contain" China.At the same time,it has achieved "not isolated" China through limited contacts.When the United States takes a tough stance,it has adjusted its China policy to avoid criticism from domestic political opponents.It is believed that lifting the ban on travel to China will allow scholars,scientists,etc.to go to China to change the barrier to restricting citizens from coming to China.However,due to the excessive conservative power within the office and the turmoil in China at the time,the remnant restrictions on the US ban on travel to China were not allowed.The fourth chapter introduces the policy of American citizens visiting China during President Nixon.At this time,President Nixon began to consider relations with mainland China after becoming a leader,and began to explore ways to ease Sino-US relations.On the one hand,we vigorously lifted the economic and political blockade against China and secretly contacted the Chinese side;the other side lifted restrictions on US citizens coming to China and promoted exchanges between Chinese and American citizens.Generally speaking,in Sino-US diplomacy,the US citizen's policy of visiting China is both a manifestation of US containment and a phenomenon of disconnection from the Cold War.The policy adjustment of the US government in the issue of citizens' visits to China is a tortuous and difficult process.The Sino-US relations as a whole are in a tense situation.The US citizens' visit to China has undergone a process of strict restrictions,loosening,and finally lifting the restrictions.