Research On Surface Mining Control And Reclamation Act Of 1977 Of America

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 is a federal-level law that governs the US surface mining problem.Since its enactment in 1977,it has also been adapted to the exploitation of underground minerals and provided reference for other American mineral and environmental legislation.The enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 establishes a unified surface mining management and recovery standard throughout the United States.During that time,surface mining provides an inexhaustible driving force for the development and progress of American social civilization,but it also caused serious damage to the mining area's ecological environment.After World War II,the American society has gradually pursued a higher quality of life standards,and the public pay more attention to their own life and work environment.Americans are increasingly aware of this harm,and the community began to We call for enhanced management of mineral resources and especially the surface coal mining,and restoration the damaged land.Under the background of the formation,establishment and implementation of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977,this paper focuses on the contradiction between the various stakeholders and the gambling between them.By exploring the efforts of the United States to balance the relationship between economic development,surface coal mining and environmental protection,we are trying to provide a reference for our environmental legislation.The main contents of this paper are as follows:The introduction reviews and evaluates the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the academic results of related issues.The first part of the text traces the rise and development of the surface mining of American history and discusses the environmental problems and social contradictions caused by open-pit mining.At the same time,it analyzes the limitations of US states' governance of surface mining and the necessity of unification legislation.The second part takes the development process of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 as the main line,while the article mainly explores the reasonsfor the failure of President Nixon's vote and President Ford's vote and the reasons why President Carter actively supported the enactment of the law.In addition,this paper mainly investigated the focus in the environmental forces,representatives of agriculture and animal husbandry and coal operators during the process of the enactment of the Act.The third part summarizes the main contents of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.The fourth part reviews the implementation process of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977,and explores the obstacles and achievements in the implementation of the law.On the basis of the full text,the conclusion summarizes the enlightenment inspired by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977,through analysing the balance of energy supply,surface coal mining and mining area environmental protection issues.