A Study On The Negative Response "Shenme X"

"Shenme X" is a common structure in modern Chinese,the literal meaning of "Shenme X" is to express doubt,while its constructional meaning is to express negation.The predecessors paid attention to its negative usage when discussing the usage of the interrogative pronoun "What".With the rise of construction grammar,scholars regard it as a negative construction to study.We note that "Shenme X" is not a negative structure that exists in a static sentence in isolation.It is closely related to the context while conveying information,it also conveys an emotional attitude to the recipient.It exists in the textual sentence and triggers relative response.Therefore,the research object of this thesis is the response "Shenme X" expressing a negative constructional meaning in conversation contexts.This thesis will systematically describe and analyze the negative response "Shenme X" with the help of Construction Grammar,Discourse Analysis and other related theories,revealing its syntactic,semantic and pragmatic features and laws from an interactive perspective and explaining its negative mechanism.The full text is divided into four chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion,the content is as the followings:The first chapter mainly analyzes the syntactic features of "Shenme X" from the components of the variable "X",the auxiliary means of expressing negative definitions and the response methods.The negative object X has a short form and a wide range of values.It can be divided into five types of typical components: nominal components,verb components,adjective components,mood words and sentences,as well as other components that are not representative.Expressing negative meanings together as a whole is a negative construct with strong independence that does not participate in other syntactic operations.Intonation,punctuation marks,mood words,interjections,salutations,curse words,quotations,and subsequent sentences can assist the construct to express a negative tone.Adding different auxiliary forms before and after "Shenme X" will produce different expression effects.According to the connection between X in formal content and the aforementioned discourse,the negation method is divided into two categories: quotation negation and direct narration negation.The former is divided into three categories: direct quotation,selective quotation and indirect quotation.The second chapter summarizes the semantic types and characteristics of negative usage of "Shenme X" negation.According to whether the content of negation is related to proposition,the semantic types are divided into verbal act negation and proposition negation.The variable X of negation of verbal behavior is mainly the content of utterances that can be metaphorized into a certain behavioral state.The definition of negation is related to the sender of the behavioral state,the time of speech,the emotional intention of the speaker and the behavioral feedback of the speaker,expressing the X is the subjective attitude of this behavior and state.Proposition negation is divided into three categories: true condition negation of table "not the true X",negation of suitable conditions of table "not a suitable X",and typical condition negation of table "not a qualified X",and the content of proposition is negative or expression.On this basis,it is summarized that "Shenme X" has the negative characteristics of subjectivity,quotation,interaction,conciseness.The third chapter summarizes the pragmatic functions and influencing factors of "Shenme X" in conjunction with conversational context."Shenme X",while negating,also has a positive emotional humility,comfort,blame,ridicule,harmonious emotional function,and negative and negative sigh,avoidance,evaluation,ridicule,refutation,persuasion,rejection,blame,and scolding Emotional function,modesty function and scolding function are at the two extremes of interpersonal function,and other emotional functions in the middle of transition are intersecting.In addition to expressing negative emotions and attitudes,"Shenme X" as a response can also connect to the context,start and import a topic that has not been followed,so that it can preempt,transfer,continue,and terminate the turn,with discourse,regulation topic,Handle the role of the turn.The occasional atmosphere of the two parties of the communication,intimacy,location,and status will affect the performance of their pragmatic functions.Because the subjectivity of "Shenme X" is very strong,the dominant factor is the speaker’s subjective emotion in a specific situation.Chapter 4 explains the generating mechanism of "Shenme X" from the grammaticalization of constructions,the subjectivity of constructions,the anti-expectancy of the aforementioned discourse,and the related communication principles.The questioning meaning of "what",rhetorical questions with cross-examination and retrospective reasoning are the grammatical foundations of the reason why "what X" can express negation,and the subjective emotional attitude projected on the structure negates the root cause of the other party’s discourse.People judge it based on self-standards and cognition,and leave a self-sign of perspective,emotion,and cognition when they are negative.The motivation for this negation process is that the opponent’s discourse has anti-expectation information,that is,the initiator.It violates the subjective expectations established by the speaker,so it is negated with "Shenme X" and explained with subsequent sentences.With this result,the diversified pragmatic functions are inseparable from the speaker’s observance and violation of the principles of cooperation and politeness.Violation of the principles of communication stimulates "Shenme X" to produce conflicting interpersonal functions,enriching the expression function and following the principles of communication Promote "Shenme X" to produce a harmonious interpersonal function,ensuring the effectiveness of the conversation.The final part is the conclusion,combing the main conclusions and analyzing the shortcomings of this article.