The Syntactic And Semantic Features Of The"VP(le) De Shihou" In "Qingwen Zhiyao" From Manchu And Chinese Bilingual Literatures

After the middle of the Qing Dynasty,as most of the banner-men from "CongLongRuGuan"gradually abandoned Manchu language and switched to Mandarin,the Manchu-Chinese conversation textbook "Qingwen Zhiyao",which was written for the bannermen,came into being.The conversation part has a large number of Manchu language interference features,which largely reflects the basic characteristics and actual features of the Chinese in the Qing dynasty.The application of" VP(le)de shihou" is a typical example.This article takes "Qingwen Zhiyao" as the main research object,analyzes and describes the semantic characteristics and syntactic structure of"VP(le)de shihou" from the synchronic level on the basis of the parallel corpus of Manchu and Han,and compares it through the diachronic level Different conversational textbooks make it clear that the Chinese part of "Qingwen Zhiyao",has a stronger Manchu interference feature.The main research contents of the article are as follows:The first part is the introduction of the first chapter.This part establishes the research significance of the article,introduces the contact between Manchu language and Chinese language and the related research status of"(de)shihou",and points out the deficiencies of previous studies.At the same time,the nature of the corpus is clarified,and targeted research methods are proposed.The article first conducted an exhaustive search for "Qingwen Zhiyao",clarified the two forms of "Qingwen Zhiyao"," VP(le)de shihou" and explored its syntactic performance.The study found that "de shihou" as the connection item connects the master-slave complex sentence,so "VP(le)de shihou" is mostly located at the beginning or middle of a complex sentence.Compared with "VP de shihou"," VP le de shihou" has a richer syntactic form,and there is also a special sentence structure-the double "le" structure.From the perspective of semantic features,"VP(le)de shihou"is also versatile.Basic semantic features represent time.Among them," VP le de shihou" implies a non-simultaneous semantic relationship deep in the structure of simultaneity;The hypothesis is equivalent to "if...",this usage has a significant advantage in quantity.Compared with "VP le de shihou","VP de shihou" is can also indicate counterfactuals.The part-of-speech of "de shihou"went from real to vitual,from virtual to more virtual.The degree of grammaticalization continued to deepen.In the Qing Dynasty,"de shihou" evolved into a situation where temporal meaning and temporal assumptions and conditional meaning coexist.Due to the internal evolution of the structure's function and semantics,the interference of Manchu features in the Qing Dynasty cannot be ignored.Secondly,the article explores the influence of Manchu disturbing factors on the translation process of "VP(le)de shihou".On the basis of self-constructed Manchu-Chinese bilingual corpus,this part uses the Manchu-Chinese collation method to sort out and analyze Manchu expression in the" VP(le)de shihou"period "Le" mainly corresponds to the tense mark and adverbial affixes in Manchu,and "de shihou" mainly corresponds to the sufixes postpositions(manggi,sidende,jakade,ohode),and the adverb ending"-ci "in Manchu and the conditional hypothetical conjunction"oci".We can infer from the description of the syntactic and semantic features of "VP(le)de shihou",the structure has formed a special form and usage due to the interference of Manchu grammar and translation components at the synchronic level.On this basis,through the comparison of eight Manchu and Han conversation textbooks at the diachronic level,this part found that the Chinese conversation part of "Qingwen Zhiyao" is the document with the strongest Manchu"rough translation" and the most influenced by Manchu.The above two levels of research present an objective fact:the syntactic semantics of the "VP(le)de shihou" structure reflects the influence of Manchu disturbing features.The study suggests that there are four main reasons for the formation of the structural semantic and syntactic features:the influence of the multiple functions of "de shihou";the interference of the Manchu mother tongue;the influence of Manchu translation;the decline of the level of pen-script Manchu in the Qing Dynasty.