| Agriculture is the foundation of the country,and the thought of heavy agriculture is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.Shandong has been a major agricultural province since ancient times.The study of agricultural modernization in Shandong province is of theoretical significance to understand the modern agricultural history,economic history,social history and the modernization transformation of traditional agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China,and to reveal The Times and transitional nature of the transformation process.It is of great academic value to sort out the origin and node of the process of modernization,clarify the system of modernization and its development law,and accurately locate the history of China's modernization.It has a clear practical effect on refining the essence of farming civilization,exploring the ‘rural revitalization' and promoting the implementation of the strategy of replacing old driving forces with new ones in Shandong.By reviewing the historical data,newspaper,magazine,collected works,memoirs and local chronicles,particularly the library archives,during the Republican period,this paper,guided by historical,sociological,political and economic theories,examines the modernization of the agriculture in Shandong and studies changes brought about by the agricultural reforms from 1860 to 1937 in Shandong from the perspective of "growth driver replacement" in light of the general trends.Based on themed research,the paper presents the highlights and characteristics of the agricultural modernization in Shandong from such aspects as agricultural structure,agricultural science and technology,crop variety introduction and agricultural policies in the chronological order.Foreign invasion and capitalist civilization brought about cultural,institutional and ideological shock to the agriculture in Shandong.Changes in Shandong agriculture can be summed up in five aspects.Firstly,scientific.The yield increased after advanced western seed selection,farming,fertilization and harvesting technologies were introduced.It became an irresistible trend to embrace science and technology although the legacy of outdated production pattern remains.Secondly,systematic.The modern agricultural production mode in Shandong integrated supply and marketing,which was particularly prominent in the village building campaign.Thirdly,mechanized.Since the Late Qing Reforms,the agricultural machinery had replaced the manual tools in Shandong.It became a trend to introduce western agricultural machinery.Limited by the unstable political conditions and technologies,the agricultural machinery was not widely applied in the rural areas but the trend continued,which laid foundation for the agricultural mechanization in Shandong after the founding of the People's Republic of China.Fourthly,commercialized.After getting involved in the international market,Shandong started regional specialized agricultural production,with the produce being further commercialized.Agricultural commercialization interacted with and was subject to modernization.Factors such as foreign invasion and national sovereignty further perplexed the commercialization journey of Shandong agriculture.Fifthly,international.Shandong's modern agriculture looked at the global market.Sixthly,open.Thanks to the promotion of agricultural science and the new agricultural education,the public stopped being hostile to the foreign force and science and began to accept,embrace,apply and promote the western agricultural knowledge.They explored the ways to modernize the agriculture based on the local conditions in Shandong.On the whole,the modernization of Shandong agriculture is a transitional process.It demonstrates the epochal features and instability due to the frequent changes in the agricultural laws and regulations,department setup and education systems and the heated debate on the agricultural development paths.In addition,subject to the evolution rules of agricultural and foreign intervention,the modernization of Shandong agricultural took place by stages.It began with the arrival of foreign missionaries in Shandong;the Late Qing Reforms encouraged independent modernization exploration;since the 1920 s,Shandong began to learn from the U.S.and European countries;and when Shandong was under the administration of Han Fuju,the agricultural modernization was under the co-impact of several factors.The modernization of Shandong agriculture is of profound significance.To begin with,it marks the criticism against the traditional agricultural system and institutions and the reform of the small-scale peasant economy.Also,the movement showcases the impact of modern nationalism on Shandong's economy.Shandong works to coordinate the relationship between economic rights and agricultural development.Furthermore,Shandong get involved in the modern world agricultural system.In addition,the enormous potentials of Shandong agriculture are tapped.Last but not least,the essence of traditional agriculture in Shandong is revitalized,justifying the belief that Shandong agriculture maintains strong growth momentum despite of tremendous historical changes.Agricultural modernization and even modernization are an extremely complex systematic project.Despite the fact that the limitation of international and domestic situation,system,economy and other reasons,Shandong's agricultural development was not complete,it was undoubtedly an outstanding achievement of Shandong in modern times that it could overcome many difficulties and keep moving forward.Shandong agricultural modernization left a brilliant page in China's modern history of Shandong!... |
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