On Bernard Williams' Thought Of Moral Luck

Williams believes that modern moral philosophy is a peculiar moral system,which interprets obligation as the inevitability of pure moral practice.Based on this,an abstract and rigorous moral system is constructed.In Williams undefined view,this system misunderstands the ethical life and the ethical individual,abstracts the ethical life into an inevitable moral life separated from luck,and the ethical individual is the abstract moral actor in this moral life.Based on this,Williams put forward the idea of moral luck,elaborated on the individual ethical life,and on this basis criticized the pure modern moral philosophy system.Williams first distinguishes between ethics and moral understanding,and thinks that modern moral philosophy,as a unique variety of ethics,has limited understanding of ethical life.In the ethical life of operation,the unfolding of individual undefined own life is related to his own understanding.Ethical individuals are not bearers of moral actions,but practitioners of their own lives.In the development of life plan,ethical individuals always face all kinds of possibilities brought by moral luck,which may lead to their understanding and evaluation of themselves and their own lives.From the point of view of individual life plan Williams proposed that in the real ethical world individuals pursue their own life goals and defend their actions and plans on the basis of retroactive understanding.The success or failure of ethical life plan is not only the success or failure of the action itself,but also the success or failure of the actors themselves.Ethical life is the first person undefined individual life.It is the place where individuals unfold their own ethical life and reveal their own essence.A rational ethical life for specific ethical individuals,different from the moral rationality provided by modern moral philosophy,it represents the individual undefined multiple understanding and pursuit of their own life.It also provides an important explanation of the meaning of life for the development of this kind of life.Different from this,modern moral philosophy only abstracts the ethical life of individual into the inevitable action of pure moral ideal.Both Kant undefined moral philosophy and utilitarianism take moral luck out of the system of moral theory,and on this basis only understand ethical life as moral.Williams believes that the abstract understanding of ethical life in modern moral philosophy is fundamentally a deviation from and misinterpretation of the basis of ethical life,and that morality is fundamentally dependent on the understanding of non-moral life to illustrate itself.The refusal of modern moral philosophy to luck is to extricate itself from its ethical foundation in the pursuit of a pure moral ideal.Therefore,whether we accept moral luck or not,in Williams undefined sense,there is a conflict between the defense of individual undefined rational life and the defense of moral rationality.Based on the first-person ethical life,this paper analyzes and explains the conflict between the two kinds of rational defense,reveals the great value of moral luck in theory and practice.