A Study Of Burut’s Policy In Daoguang Period Of Qing Dynasty

As one of the fences in the northwest frontier of the Qing Dynasty,Burut had made outstanding contributions in defending the frontier and building the northwest.During the reign of Qianlong,the tribes of Burut successively attached themselves to the Qing Dynasty,and the Qing Dynasty included them in the administrative system of the foreign vassals on the question of the nature of their vassals.During the period of Qianlong and Jiaqing Dynasty,the Qing Dynasty carried out a series of detention policies of tolerance and grace,and established good suzerain-vassal relations between the two sides.frequently interacted and cooperated in the political and economic fields,and promoted the social and economic development of both sides.However,from the late Jiaqing period to the Daoguang period,Burut’s affiliation and centripetal force to the Qing Dynasty gradually weakened,and the traditional good suzerain-vassal relationship that had been formed was broken.Especially since the Daoguang Dynasty,some Burut gradually embarked on the road of rebellion from the Qing Dynasty and participated in the turmoil in southern Xinjiang.In addition to the rebellion,some of the nomadic Buruts from near Kazakhstan firmly supported the position of the Qing Dynasty and actively assisted the Qing army in calming the rebellion.Because of the different kinship and alienation between the tribes and the Qing Dynasty,as well as the different degree of submission and rebellion,it is more distinct and prominent to elaborate the relationship between the tribes and the Qing Dynasty in the Daoguang period and the manage ment policy of the Qing Dynasty.With the breakdown of the good suzerain-vassal relationship between Burut and the Qing Dynasty since the Daoguang Dynasty,the Qing Dynasty had to change its traditional policy towards Burut.In view of the fact that the change of the geographic relationship and the suzerain-vassal relationship between the two sides has the most direct impact on the security of the Northwest Frontier,the adjustment of the border policy involving Burut has become the most important.The adjustment of frontier defense policy is mainly reflected in the choice of the military route from Ili to Kashgar and the re-opening of the military route from Ili to Southern Xinjiang.In addition,along with the further weakening of the Qing Dynasty’s national power and the decline of its control over the northwest frontier since Daoguang,the Qing Dynasty adopted a more conservative defensive policy towards Burut,which was particularly reflected in the issue of the Qing Dynasty’s no longer referring to the nomadic land with Burut and the exemption of Burut’s trade tax rate.In a word,since the Daoguang Dynasty,the good vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Burut has changed.Based on the change of this relationship and the weakening of the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government tried to pursue the stability of the northwest frontier through a series of measures of tolerance,grace and compromise.