Institutional Transformation Of Financing And Management Of Modern Local Education

Before the end of Qing Dynasty,the funds of schools are mainly divided into capital construction expenses and daily expenses,the source is mainly obtained by the government set aside?for officers and people to donate and proprietary etc?The period of the new policy in the late Qing Dynasty,the Qing government under the background of the domestic trouble and foreign invasion,hopes to open new schools to develop useful material to meet the needs of the time,in order to solve “the school funds urgently” and“the difficulty of raising funds”of the two contradictions,the Qing government passed on the pressure of raising money to the local government,the government officials and local gentry,who are in charge of local studies,have to open up a variety of modes of financing,raising funds for education by means of taxes?assessments?public funds?public property etc;from the old to new;private schools or private donations;student fees etc?According to its expenditure items,the use of funds is mainly divided into educational administrative funds?school funds and funds for studying abroad ? The failure of the government to put in place an effective management system has led to confusion in school spending and the devouring of school funds from time to time?In the early years of the Republic of China,due to political turmoil,educational funds were often misappropriated or defaulted by local authorities,which led to a rise in the independence movement of education funds in Jiangxi?After the founding of the Nanjing national government,in order to manage this province's education fund and maintain its independence,Jiangxi established an education fund custodian Committee,Jiangxi Education Fund Committee,Jiangxi education fund management department and so on?From 1912 to 1937,Jiangxi Province's education funds also came mainly from various additional donations and miscellaneous donations?administrative subsidies?cleaning up of academic property?private or social organizations' donations to build schools and tuition income etc,All kinds of education development in Jiangxi could only rely on these educational funds for allocation and management?In the Central Soviet Area,the Soviet government implemented free compulsory education for children,and the rest of the workers and peasants were free of charge except for meals,But at that time,the finance in the Soviet area was seriously insufficient,For this reason,the Soviet governmentalleviated the shortage of educational funds by collecting tuition fees?retaining public education fields?mobilizing the masses and saving education funds?Late Republic of China,the national government,while carrying out the Xinxian County system,integrated the education of children with the adult education,and carried out the national education system?In order to guarantee the promotion of national education,the national government stipulates that the national education expenditure is mainly local self financing,supplemented by central and provincial grants,while there are strict systems for the management?use and assessment of national education funds.