| As an addictive product,areca nut has a history of nearly 2,000 years in the world.Because of different cultures and regions,there are differences in the way of chewing areca nut in different places.People in Hunan,a non-areca nut planting area,perfer to chew a processed areca nut which is widely consumed as a special food in there.At present,the research on areca nut is mainly based on fresh fruit areca nut and its extract.Most studies on Hunan processed areca nut focus on processing technology and optimization.Research on toxicology,pharmacology or health problems of processed areca nut has rarely been studied.This experiment focused on the Hunan processed areca nut and explored the difference of the main active ingredients in the water extract of raw areca nut(raw material)extract,smoked areca nut(semi-product)and smoked and brined areca nut(final product)extract.The water extracts of raw areca nut extract,smoked areca nut as well as smoked and brined areca nut at 1X and 5X concentrations were given to mice for 28 days.The effects of water extracts of two concentrations of areca nut on some growth indices,blood indices,immunity and inflammation related indices,colon flora structure and fecal flora structure of mice were studied.The specific results are as follows:1.Quantitative analysis of the main active ingredients in three kinds of areca nut water extracts:The contents of main alkaloids and polyphenols in three kinds of areca nut water extracts diluted in the same proportion were quantitatively determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(HPLC-MS).The content of arecoline in water extracts of raw areca nut extract,smoked areca nut as well as smoked and brined areca nut diluted in the same proportion are:55.91±0.05?g/ml,30.36±0.03?g/ml and 3.84±0.02?g/ml;the contents of arecaidine were:35.77±1.19?g/ml,10.81±0.41?g/ml and11.83±0.07?g/ml;the contents of guvacine were:35.28±0.49?g/ml,12.30±0.57?g/ml??8.24±0.07?g/ml;the contents of guvacoline were:19.67±0.48?g/ml,10.03±0.04?g/ml and 3.76±0.01?g/ml;The content of catechins in the water extracts of raw areca nut extract and smoked areca nut in the same proportion were:2060.44±18.24?g/ml and 65.41±0.43?g/ml,respectively;the content of proanthocyanidin B1 was 2510.18±62.40?g/ml and 18.02±0.24?g/ml;two polyphenols in the water extracts of smoked and brined areca nut were not detected.In addition,according to the national standard,the total protein content of raw areca nut extract,smoked areca nut as well as smoked and brined areca nut water extracts after the same dilution was determined,which were:0.40±0.02g/100g,0.29±0.02g/100g and 0.25±0.02 g/100g;the total sugar content was 1.19±0.01 g/100 g,1.60±0.03 g/100 g,and 1.37±0.02 g/100 g,respectively.2.The effects of three kinds of areca nut water extracts on some growth and blood indexes of mice: The water extract of areca nut water extracts had certain effects on some growth indexes,blood routine,liver and spleen histomorphological structure of Kunming mice,and mainly manifested in raw areca nut water extracts,especially in the 5X raw areca nut group.Diarrhea after administration,low body weight gain,inflammatory cell infiltration occurs in individual organs,and significant differences in leukocyte-related indicators in blood routine between raw areca nut groups and control group are related to low immune function and inflammation.3.The effects of three kinds of areca nut water extracts on immunity and inflammation-related indicators in mice: Among all the treatments,raw areca nut water extract,especially 5X raw areca nut water extract,could cause relatively greater impact on immune system and inflammation in mice,while smoked areca nut as well as smoked and brined areca nut,especially smoked and brined areca nut,had much less impact on immunity and inflammation in mice.This is due to the less harmful ingredients such as arecoline in areca nut as it is processed.4.The effects of three kinds of areca nut water extracts on colonic and fecal flora in mice: There were differences in flora abundance,flora diversity,Escherichia-Shigella and other indicators between 1X,5X raw fruit areca and 5X smoked areca nut groups,especially 5X raw fruit areca group.In smoked and brined areca nut group,this situation rarely occurred.However,some probiotic bacteria,such as Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia,showed an upward trend in the 5X group of fresh areca,while some harmful bacteria associated with inflammatory bowel diseases,such as Desulfovibrio,showed a downward trend.In summary,the water extract of raw areca nut with two concentrations in three kinds of areca nut extracts,especially the 5X water extract of raw areca nut,had the greatest influence on some growth indexes,blood indexes,immunity and inflammation related indexes of mice,colonic and fecal flora,followed by the water extract of smoked areca nut,and the smoked and brined areca nut water extract has little effect.This is probably due to the decline of the main active ingredients in the water extracts of raw areca nut extract,smoked areca nut and smoked and brined areca nut. |
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