Exploitation Of Karaya Gum Resources In Myanmar

BackgroudPlant polysaccharides not only promote the growth of immune organs,activate immune cells,release cytokines and regulate the complement system,but also regulate the proportion of intestinal flora,promote intestinal mucosal repair and enhance the expression of secretory immunoglobulin in intestinal mucosa.Dietary fiber is known as the seventh largest nutrientwhich can prevent diabetes,constipation and colon cancer aswell as obesity,lower cholesterol levelsand promote the growth of intestinal probiotics.Karaya Gum has a a history in Myanmar for hundreds of years and can be used as food and medicine.In 2000,as an exotic food,it was introduced into China and was very popular with Chinese people,but there were few reports on Karaya Gum.ObjeciveThis study mainly clarified the quality of Karaya Gum,the main nutritional components of Karaya Gum,the extraction of Karaya Gum polysaccharides,the composition of Karaya Gum polysaccharides and the regulation of Karaya Gum polysaccharides on immune function as well as intestinal microorganisms in mice.It provides a theoretical basis for the market sales,development and utilization of Karaya Gum in China.MethodsThe quality of the sliced pieces was studied,according to the“2015 Pharmacopoeia”;the general nutritional composition of Karaya Gum was analyzed according to the"National Standard for Food Safety";On the basis of single factor,the response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of total polysaccharides in Karaya gum.A method was established by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)pre-column derivatization,and it was applied to analyze the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides in Karaya gum;And KM mice were administered with Karaya gum polysaccharides intragastrically once a day for 30 d.The influence of Karaya gum polysaccharides on the immune system is evaluated by detecting some parameters such as organ index,the carbon clearance index,proportion of spleen T cell subsets,IFN-?,IL-2,IL-4,IgG,IgA level in serum.The effects of Karaya gum polysaccharides on gut microbiota,is evaluated by observing the OUT clustering,the relative abundance changes of species and correlation analysis,and analyzing the changes in the intestinal flora of mice before and after administration in mice by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.ResultsThe results of preliminary study on the quality of Karaya Gum were as follow It was a light yellow,yellow translucent irregular mass of gum.Stone cells,calcium oxalate needle crystals,fibers,starch grains and mucus cells could be observed in its powder.The expansion degree of Karaya Gum was between 15%and 90%,the water content was between 15%and 19%,pH was weakly acidic,and the content of extract was 10%to 70%.The total mercury and total arsenic were lower than the quantitative limit,and the detection result of lead was 1.4mg/Kg.The results showed,dietary fiber content,carbohydrate content,the protein content,and calcium content of Karaya gum were 76.9 g/100g,1.0 g/100g,0.6 g/100g,1.52x10~5mg/Kg,and 138 mg/Kg.On the basis of single factor,the response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of total polysaccharides from Karaya gum.The optimal condition of ultrasonic extraction was concluded as follows:NaOH concentration was 0.06 mol/L,ultrasonic time was 1.52 hour and ratio of liquid to solid was 100.16 mL/g.The actual detection value of the yield rate of total polysaccharides was 62.25%,which was close to the predicted value of 62.75%,so the prediction model was considered as practicability and accuracy.A method by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone(PMP)pre-column derivatization applied to analyze the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides from Karaya gum.The results of monosaccharide composition analysis of self-made polysaccharides in Karaya gum was composed of glucuronic acid,rhamnose,galacturonic acid,galactose,arabinose and fucose,and their average molar ratio was 1:3.30:1.62:2.45:0.08:0.03.Karaya Gum polysaccharides could increase the proportion of CD4~+T cells,cytokines and immunoglobulin levels in spleen of mice,but had no significant effect on organ index and corrected clearance index.The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that Bacteroides and Firmicutes were the two largest phyla in the intestinal tract of mice.The Shannon index showed that Karaya Gum polysaccharides could slightly enhance the diversity of intestinal flora of mice.After administration,the differences among multiple groups of samples showed that the proportion of pathogenic bacteria Alistipes in the control group was relatively large,while that in other groups decreased and the high-dose group and spirulina polysaccharides group decreased significantly,indicating that Karaya Gum polysaccharides and spirulina polysaccharides may have a slight inhibitory effect on Alistipes.In the middle dose group and spirulina polysaccharides group,the proportion of Lactobacillus,Lachnospiracea-NK4Al36-group was relatively large,suggesting that Karaya Gum polysaccharides and spirulina polysaccharides might have a slight supporting effect on Lactobacillus and Lachnospiracea-NK4Al36-group.The results showed that Karaya Gum polysaccharides might regulate intestinal flora by increasing beneficial flora and inhibiting pathogens.And the effect of spirulina polysaccharides was better than that of Karaya Gum polysaccharides.ConclusionKaraya Gum is a light yellow,yellow translucent irregular mass of gum,with a large degree of expansion,pH is weakly acidic and contains high dietary fiberwhich can be used as a health food for people with hyperlipidemia,hypertension,hyperglycemia,diabetes,obesity and intestinal diseases.Karaya Gum polysaccharides enhance the immune function of the body which may be due to the improvement of the diversity of intestinal flora,the abundance of beneficial microflora and the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria,leading to the release of cytokines as well as immunoglobulins and the increasing the proportion of splenic lymphatic subgroups.Which contribute to then improvement of the immunity.