| Objectives 1.The aim of this study is to analyze the fatty acid composition,the fatty acid composition of sn-2 and the content of major phospholipids in the human milk samples in Shanghai,to obtain the latest data on the fat composition of human milk in Shanghai,and to provide the basic data for the milk composition database.2.To study the lactation stage,dietary factors on the impact of human milk fat composition,with a view to provide a reliable basis for the guidance of nursing mothers' diet.Methods 1.The selection of subjects and meal survey The healthy maternal care group is selected from April 2016 to July 2016 in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital,and 50 days after delivery.Using the questionnaire to inquire about maternal and family members,access to the basic information of human milk and newborns and breastfeeding.The food frequency method is used to obtain a dietary situation at different lactation stages,and a 24-hour dietary review method is used to record all the diets of the day before the collection of the milk samples.2.Sample collection The colostrums are collected on the 3rd day of each group of maternal births.The transition milk on day 10 ± 1 and the mature milk at day 45 ± 1,stored in a refrigerator at-80 ° C until analysis.3.Breast milk lipid analysis The 28 kinds of fatty acids and sn-2 fatty acids in breast milk are quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography combined with flame hydrogen ion chemical detector.The three kinds of phospholipid constituents in breast milk are quantified by high performance liquid chromatography combined with variable wavelength detector.Results 1.122 cases of maternal are added to the group,among which at least one breast milk is provided in 100 cases.70 pieces of colostrum are collected,96 are transitional milk and 82 are mature milk.2.During the survey,the mothers' intake of various foods are lower than the recommended intake,among which nuts have the lowest food intake.The mother's energy intake with the progress of lactation gradually increased,but 60.67% ~ 63.64% of the energy consumption of lactating mother is insufficient.The per capita intake of protein is from the colostrum stage(60.52g)to the mature milk stage(57.47 ~ 67.58g)and the energy supply ratio(48.6% ~ 51.36%)are significantly higher than those of the control group(P <0.05),and the average energy supply ratio of the fat is 31.39% ~ 35.37%.The ratios are relatively stable but lower than the recommended value.The daily intake of vitamins E,vitamin B1,vitamin B2,folic acid,nicotinic acid and vitamin C gradually increased with the lactation period.In the colostrum and transitional milk stage.In colostrum and transitional milk stages,besides vitamin E per capita intake(20.43 ~ 25.49mg),the remaining per capita intake of vitamins are inadequate.In mature milk stage,only Vitamin A per capita intake(1030?g RE)is still lower than the recommended value.Iron,zinc,selenium,magnesium,potassium,phosphorus per capita intake with the lactation gradually increased.In the lactation stage,the number of iodine intake is more than 90%.The number of selenium intake is more than 50%.The number of overdose of sodium and phosphorus is more than 50%.3.28 kinds of fatty acids in human milk,including 12 kinds of saturated fatty acids,5 kinds of monounsaturated fatty acids and 11 kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids are measured.The total fatty acid level of human milk is at 15.20 ~ 32.55mg/g,with the prolongation of lactation increased.The highest content of lactic acid is oleic acid(29.65% ~ 32.65%),followed by linoleic acid(20.66% ~ 23.25%)and palmitic acid(20.81% ~ 23.18%).4.The saturated fatty acids in human milk accounted for 37.12% ~ 41.78% of the total fatty acids,the highest proportion of transitional milk;monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for 32.39% ~ 35.54%,polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 25.83% ~ 27.35%.They are at the lowest proportions.5.The content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk is 2.20% ~ 2.32%.The content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is 23.63% ~ 25.09%,and the mature milk is slightly higher than that of transitional milk.The Linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid ratio(LA/ALA)18.62~20.17,arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid ratio(AA / DHA)1.29~1.34,does not change with lactation.6.Human milk sn-2 fatty acid levels in 5.13~10.80 mg/g,with the prolongation of lactation increased,which saturated fatty acids accounted for more than 60%.More than 70% of the palmitate esterified sn-2 position,accounting for more than 50% of the total sn-2 fatty acids;more than 60% of the C22: 4n-6,C22: 5n-3 and C22: 6n-3 binding to the sn-2.The ratios of sn-2 LA / ALA and AA / DHA in human milk are lower than those in total fatty acids in human milk,both of which decreased with the prolongation of lactation.7.The total content of phospholipid(phosphatidylcholine,phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin content)is 281.93~381.99 ?g/g,the ratio of total phospholipids to total fatty acids is 0.031 ~ 0.009,the colostrum is the highest and the mature milk is the lowest.Acylcholine is the highest content of phospholipids in human milk,accounting for about 53.74% ~ 59.36% of the total amount of phospholipids.The proportion of sphingomyelin is 28.12% ~ 32.74%,and the ratio increases with the prolongation of lactation.The content of phosphatidylethanolamine is slightly lower than that of the two groups,and the percentage of each lactation stage is consistent.8.Multiple linear regression results: linoleic acid,a-linolenic acid,arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content,with linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid content and lactation stage changes are positive,the content of linoleic acid is negatively correlated with the percentage of linoleic acid in human milk.The intake of linolenic acid is positively correlated with the content of linolenic acid and the content of linolenic acid.The content of arachidonic acid is positively correlated with the percentage of arachidonic acid and the percentage of arachidonic acid in human milk.The content of eicosapentaenoic acid and the percentage of arachidonic acid in human milk.The content of docosahexaenoic acid and the content of docosahexaenoic acid are positively correlated.9.There is a positive correlation between the percentage of PE and the lactation period,the daily intake of beef,mutton and fish,and the daily percentage of BMI,beef and mutton are positively correlated with lactation.The percentage of SM is positively correlated with the increase of BMI in lactation and lactation during pregnancy.The proportion of TPL to total fatty acids in human milk is only positive correlation with lactation.Conclusion 1.Shanghai mothers' prevalence of food intake is insufficient,the total energy intake is insufficient,high fat energy,a variety of vitamins,minerals intake and other issues.2.The total fatty acid level of human milk in the 15.20 ~ 32.55 mg/g,increased with the extension of lactation.The highest content of human milk fatty acids is oleic acid,followed by linoleic acid and palmitic acid.3.More than 70% palmitate esterification in the human milk triglyceride sn-2 position,accounting for more than half of the total sn-2 fatty acids;infant growth and organ synthesis is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are mostly combined sn-2 bit.4.The content of milk phospholipids is 281.93 ~ 381.99 ?g/g,accounting for 0.89% ~ 3.06% of the total fatty acid content.Phospholipid choline,phospholipid ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine are in the order of high and low.5.With the lactation extended,human milk linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid content increased,arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content decreased.Dietary supplement linoleic acid,a-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid,will increase the content of linoleic acid,a-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in human milk.6.The ratio of total phospholipids to total fatty acids in human milk decreases with prolongation of lactation and is not affected by dietary factors or human milk BMI.PE percentage does not change with the lactation,but it is affected by dietary factors and the BMI.PC and SM percentages are affected by lactation,human milk BMI and dietary factors. |
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