Analysis On The Dietary Patterns Of Lactating Mothers And Fatty Acids Profile In Breast Milk

Objective: Lactating women are in a special physiological state and have a higher demand for nutrition.The secretion of milk at this stage for the baby’s growth and development plays a vital role.Fatty acids in breast milk are important for the physical and mental health of infants and the level of fatty acids is affected by the lactating mothers’ dietary meal.Therefore,the aim of this study was to analyze the dietary nutrient intake of 201 lactating mothers in Changchun and the food types were divided into four dietary patterns by factor analysis.Study on the relationship between dietary patterns and fatty acids profile in breast milk.Methods: The objects of study came from one post-natal care center,maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jilin Province and volunteers that recruited through the network platform by our research group.Inclusion criteria:the mothers were in good health and fed babies in breastfeeding or mixed.Babies were in term delivery and had no birth defects or illness.And the lactating mothers didn’t smoke,drank and so on.Exclusion criteria:gestational age <37 weeks or> 42 weeks and infants birth weight <2500g or> 4000 g.Mothers suffered from high blood pressure,diabetes,coronary heart disease,obesity,liver and kidney disease and other organs disease history and lactating mothers in vegetarian.Lactating mothers who intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements during pregnancy and lactation.Subjects have signed informed consent and experimental design was approved by the Public Health Medical Ethics Committee of Jilin University.The basic information and dietary information of the subjects were collected in the form of questionnaires face-to-face.The dietary intake of the lactating mothers were investigated by the 3d24 h dietary review questionnaires and analyzed the energy and nutrient intake by Golden KeyNutrition Expert System Software – Maternity version.At the same time,the dietary fatty acid intake was analyzed by frequency questionnaire and the “2009 Chinese Food Ingredients Table”.The breast milk was collected from 22 th and 3 months after postpartum and stored at-80 ° C.Extracting the fatty acids in the milk and methylated them.Test levels of fatty acids methyl ester in breast milk by gas chromatography.Find the peaks of each fatty acid according to the retention time of the internal standard C17: 0 and 36 kinds of fatty acid levels were calculated using the methyl ester conversion coefficient.SPSS16.0 statistical software was used to analyze the basic information of lactating mothers,five kinds of fatty acids and energy and nutrient in dietary.The food groups were divided into four dietary patterns by principal component analysis of factor analysis and multivariate rank sum test was performed using four dietary patterns and milk fatty acid levels.The significance of dietary patterns and levels of breast milk fatty acid was further done by two independent samples of nonparametric tests,analysis the differences in fatty acid levels between different dietary patterns.All the statistical tests were bilateral test and P <0.05 was significant for the difference.Results: 1.201 lactating mothers’ average age was30.00 years old,average gestational age was39.29 weeks and average weight gain during pregnancy was16.00 kg.Most maternal pre-pregnancy BMI were in the normal range(58.71%).The degree of education was mainly in undergraduate,accounting for 54.73%.Graduate and above and high school and below accounting for 25.87% and 16.42% respectively.Month income is divided into low income(2000-5000 yuan / month),middle income(5000-10000 yuan / month)and high income(10,000 yuan / month or more)family and they are accounting for 16.42%、44.29% and 27.86% respectively.There are 92 maternal spontaneous delivery and accounting for 45.77%.2.The average daily energy intake of lactating mothers was 1829.42 kcal and it’s lower than Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs).The energy provided was 52.51%,14.42% and 33.07% from carbohydrates,proteins and lipids respectively.Energy supply ratio of carbohydrates was within Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range(AMDR)but the energy supply ratio of proteins and lipids was slightlyhigher than Recommended Nutrient Intake(RNI).3.The amount of essential fatty acid linoleic acid(LA)and α-linolenic acid(ALA)from diets were 19.14 g / d and 2.40 g / d and both of them were over Adequate Intake(AI)of lactating mothers.The average intake of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexenoic acid(DHA)were 18.24 mg / d and 11.45 mg / d,respectively,which were far lower than the Adequate Intake(AI).4.Lactating mothers’ vitamin intake from diet is low,Vitamin A,vitamin B1,vitamin B2,vitamin C and folic acid intake were lower than RNI and accounting for 46.49%,61.33%,66.67%,47.19%,32.89% respectively.The intake of Vitamin E and niacin was over RNI and achieve the RNI at 178.82% and 101.93% respectively.Calcium and sodium intake from diet was shortage seriously and only accounted for RNI at 43.86 and 43.93%.The intake of iron,magnesium,potassium and selenium was also lower than RNI and accounting for 78.50%,75.65%,67.66% and 61.44% of RNI respectively.Only the intake of copper was more than RNI,reaching 119.29% and the intake of zinc was close to RNI,accounting for RNI at 90.25%.5.The dietary of lactating mothers were divided into four dietary patterns by means of principal component analysis of factor analysis.Pattern 1 mainly included mushroom food and algae,meat,eggs and marine products,pattern 2 was dominated by fruits and vegetables,pattern 3 was dominated by beans and nuts and pattern 4 had grain and potato.6.In this study,36 fatty acids in breast milk were tested,among them there are 16 kinds of saturated fatty acids,9 kinds of monounsaturated fatty acid and 11 kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acid and their levels are accounting for 45.41%,29.59% and 21.09% of the total fatty acids respectively.Among saturated fatty acids,the content from more to less was palmitic acid,stearic acid,lauric acid and myristic acid and they were accounting for19.62%,6.18%,5.27% and 4.88% respectively.Among monounsaturated fatty acid,the content from more to less was oleic acid and zoomaric acid and they were accounting for24.25% and 2.83% respectively.There were 7 kinds of n-6 PUFA and 4 kinds of n-3 PUFA and their levels were accounting for 17.02% and 3.79% respectively.The mainly contents of fatty acids in the two pathways were LA and ALA,accounting for 13.70% and 2.25% of the total fattyacids respectively.Arachidonic acid,(AA)and DHA,the main products of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA,were 0.04% and 0.94% of the total fatty acids,respectively.SFA:MUFA:PUFA was 2.2:1.4:1 while n-6 PUFA: n-3 PUFA was 4.4: 1.7.Rank and test results shows that the level of SFA,PUFA and n-6 PUFA in breast milk were different between the four dietary patterns(P<0.05).The nonparametric test results show that for breastfeeding levels of SFA,breast milk in pattern 2 was lower than pattern 4(P=0.009).For the level of n-6 PUFA in breast milk that pattern 1 was lower than pattern 2(P=0.007).And the level of PUFA and n-6 PUFA in breast milk of pattern 2 were both higher than pattern 4(P=0.003,P=0.004).Conclusion: 1.In this study,the dietary energy intake of objects was lower than the recommended energy intake,the energy supply ratio of carbohydrate is within recommended range and the energy supply ratio of protein and fat was higher than DRIs.Dietary intake of LA and ALA levels were higher than DRIs recommended AI while EPA and DHA levels were lower than AI.2.In this study,the dietary vitamin E,nicotinic acid and copper intake of lactating mothers were higher than the recommended intake,and the intake of other vitamins and minerals were lower than that of RNI.3.In this study,the SFA level in breast milk of pattern 2 was lower than pattern 4 while the PUFA level in breast milk of pattern 2 was higher than pattern 4.