Comparative Study On The Pharmaceutical Preparations Of Ayurveda In India And Traditional Chinese Medicine

Both China and India have the most influential medical systems in the world because of their vast territory and abundant resources of medicinal materials.They have unique traditional medical systems,such as traditional Chinese medicine,Ayurveda and so on.The traditional medical exchanges between China and India began in Qin and Han Dynasty,flourished in Tang Dynasty and declined in Song Dynasty,and was directly related to the rise and fall of Buddhism.In the course of its development,Tibetan and Mongolian medicine in China absorbed some of Ayurveda's theories,diagnosis and treatment,but it also has its own national and regional characteristics.This thesis takes Ayurveda,Tibetan medicine,Mongolian medicine,Buddhist medicine,Dai medicine and Uygur medicine as the research objects,and carries out comparative studies on their main treatment,medicinal materials,compatibility and dosage forms,with a view to enhancing mutual learning between Chinese and Indian medicine,further clarifying the origin of the development of traditional medicine in China,and thus helping to confirm the basic fact that Tibetan medicine originated and developed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Objective:This article reveals the similarities and differences of the six traditional medicine preparations between China and India from the aspects of the main treatment,medicinal materials,compatibility and dosage forms,and analyzes the traces of the interaction between Ayurveda and traditional medicine in China,so as to provide support for the cultural exchanges between China and India today as well as offer references for the development of new medicine preparations in China.Methods:1.Extracting and excavating information on the pharmaceutical preparations of Ayurveda and five traditional Chinese medicines from the statutory pharmacopoeia,ministry standards and prescription textbooks of China and India,establishing the database of pharmaceutical preparations information,using Excel software to analyze the basic information of pharmaceutical preparations,and studying the characteristics of the six medical systems,such as the main treatment,medicinal materials,dosage forms,number of medicinal flavors,type of medicinal materials,medicinal parts and naming of pharmaceutical preparations.The compatibility rules of the preparations were studied by adoption of the association rules of the Chinese Medicine Heritage Support System(V2.5).Indications are strictly classified according to the "GB/T 14396-2016 disease classification and code".The dosage form is strictly classified according to the general rules of preparation of the statutory pharmacopoeia of China and India.The medicinal parts are classified and categorized according to the Chinese Medicine Identification.2.By means of SPSS 21.0 software non-parametric test method,visual analysis method and Cytoscape 3.7.1 software network circle diagram,the differences and similarities among various traditional medical pharmaceutical preparations were studied from the aspects of the main treatment,medicinal materials,dosage forms,medicinal taste number,medicinal materials type,medicinal parts,naming and compatibility.Results:1.Characteristics of six traditional medical preparations in China and India: A total of 645 Ayurvedic preparations are included in this thesis,which are commonly used in the treatment of digestive diseases and respiratory diseases.The top five rankings of medicinal materials are Piper longum Linn.,Zingiber officinale Rosc.,Terminalia chebula Retz.,Piper nigrum Linn.and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.,involving 22 kinds of dosage forms such as mineral pills,oil,boiled;a total of 458 Tibetan medicine preparations are included,which are clinically used to treat digestive diseases,respiratory diseases,genitourinary diseases,etc.The most commonly used medicinal materials are Terminalia chebula Retz.,Carthamus tinctorius L.,Aucklandia lappa Decene.,Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep.and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.,involving 9 dosage forms,such as powders and pills;a total of 164 Mongolian medicine preparations are included,which are clinically used to treat digestive diseases,genitourinary diseases,etc.The most commonly used medicinal materials are Terminalia chebula Retz.,Carthamus tinctorius L.,Cardenia jasminoides Ellis.,Punica granatum L.and Myristica fragrans Houtt.,involving 6 dosage forms,such as powders and pills;There are 616 Buddhist prescriptions,which are commonly used in the treatment of genitourinary diseases,musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases.,the most commonly used medicinal materials are Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.,Zingiber officinale Rosc.,Rehmannia glutinosa(Gaertn.)Libosch EX Fisch.et Mey.and Ligusticum chuanxiong hort.involving 19 dosage forms,such as decoction.227 prescriptions clinically used to treat digestive diseases and genitourinary diseases,etc are included,The most commonly used medicinal materials are Plumbago indica Linn.,Curcuma longa L.,Piper nigrum L.,Cyclea hypoglauca(Schauer)Diels.and Acorus calamus L.,involving 14 dosage forms,such as decoctions.There are 94 medical preparations,which are commonly used in the treatment of digestive diseases,genitourinary diseases,etc.The most commonly used medicinal materials are Crocus sativus L.,Rosa rugosa Thunb.Cinnamommum cassia Presl.,Piper nigrum Linn.and Terminalia chebula Retz.,involving 16 dosage forms.such as tablets.2.Similarities and differences between Ayurvedic and Tibetan medicine preparations: Although both medical preparations are mostly used to treat digestive diseases,the main diseases they treat still differ in some way with the former being more commonly used for other symptoms,signs,clinical and laboratory abnormalities,and the latter being more commonly used to treat genitourinary diseases.The use frequency of 643 herbs used in the former and 381 herbs used in the latter also show certain differences in that both use Piper nigrum Linn.,Piper longum Linn.and Terminalia chebula Retz but the former uses more Piper nigrum Linn and Piper longum Linn.,and Terminalia chebula Retz.play a more important role in the latter;The compatibility of the two medical preparations is reflected in the medicinal materials of Terminalia chebula Retz.,Terminalia bellirica(Gaertn.)Roxb.,Emblica officinalis Gaertn.and Piper longum Linn..3.Similarities and differences between Ayurvedic and Mongolian medicine preparations: Although the two medical preparations are similar in general,the former is more commonly used for other symptoms,signs and clinical and laboratory abnormalities and respiratory diseases,the latter is more commonly used to treat genitourinary diseases and diseases characterized by Mongolian medicine;the 643 medicinal materials used in the former and 268 medicinal materials used in the latter are not similar in general in terms of use frequency.A total of 25 kinds of medicinal materials are shared by two preparations.Although they all use Piper nigrum Linn.,Piper longum Linn.,Curcuma longa Linn.,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.,Santalum album Linn.,Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merr.& L.M.Perry.and Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.The former uses more Piper nigrum Linn.,Piper longum Linn.,and Curcuma longa Linn.,the latter uses more Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.,Santalum album Linn.,Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merr.& L.M.Perry.and Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.The only compatibility of the two medical preparations is Piper longum Linn.and Terminalia chebula Retz..4.Similarities and differences between Ayurvedic and Buddhist medicine prescriptions: The two medical preparations are generally not similar in terms of the disease treatment,and the former is more commonly used for other(symptoms,signs,and clinical and laboratory abnormalities),the latter is more commonly used to treat genitourinary diseases,musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases;the 643 herbs used in the former and the 636 herbs used in the latter are generally not similar,A total of 30 kinds of medicinal materials are shared by two preparations.Although they all use Piper nigrum Linn.,Curcuma longa Linn.,Terminalia chebula Retz.,Sulphur and Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels..The former uses Piper nigrum Linn.,Curcuma longa Linn.,Terminalia chebula Retz.and Sulphur are more common,and the latter uses more Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels..5.Similarities and differences between Ayurvedic and Dai medicine prescriptions: Although the two medical preparations are similar in general,the former is more commonly used for other(symptoms,signs,and clinical and laboratory abnormalities)and respiratory diseases,the latter is more commonly used to treat genitourinary diseases;the 643 herbs used in the former is not similar to the 432 herbs used in the latter in terms of use frequency.A total of 40 kinds of medicinal materials are shared by two preparations.Although they all use Piper nigrum Linn.,Piper longum Linn.,Emblica officinalis Gaertn.,Sesamum indicum Linn.,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.and Curcuma longa Linn..The former uses Piper nigrum Linn.,Piper longum Linn.,Emblica officinalis Gaertn.and Sesamum indicum Linn..and the latter uses more Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.and Curcuma longa Linn..The compatibility of the two medical preparations is only Piper nigrum Linn.and Zingiber officinale Rosc..6.Similarities and differences between Ayurvedic and Uygur medicinal preparations: Although the two medical preparations are generally similar,the former is more commonly used for other(symptoms,signs,and clinical and laboratory abnormalities).The latter is more commonly used to treat genitourinary diseases,skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases and nervous system diseases;the 643 herbs used in the former and the 262 herbs used in the latter are generally not similar.A total of 31 kinds of medicinal materials are shared by two preparations.Although they all use Piper nigrum Linn.,Curcuma longa Linn.,Piper longum Linn.,Sulphur,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.,Santalum album Linn.and Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merr.& L.M.Perry..The former uses more Piper nigrum Linn.,Curcuma longa Linn.,Piper longum Linn.and Sulphur,and the latter uses more Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels.,Santalum album Linn.and Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merr.& L.M.Perry.;the two medical preparations have eight pairs of compatibility,but the former is used more and the latter is used less.Conclusion:The indications,medicinal materials and compatibility of the six traditional medical preparations in China and India share certain similarities,reflecting some direct or indirect exchanges between the traditional medicines of the two countries in history.However,the characteristics of the disease,the varieties of herbs and the compatibility laws in the two countries still differ greatly.It is inferred that China's five traditional medicines may be affected by the local climate,geographical environment,resources,and Chinese medicine and Arab medicine.Besides,from the perspective of preparation,a hypothesis is further confirmed that Tibetan medicine might not completely derive from Ayurveda.