| Research Background and PurposesHuman morphology promotes the research of human characteristics,historical evolution and natural development.Its research methods involve many disciplines,and anthropometry is one of its basic methods.Anthropometry is a subject that studies the morphological characteristics of human body.By measuring body surface data,it establishes a database,which provides basic data for the related specialties of human body morphology,such as forensic medicine,anthropology,mold and clothing design,and plastic and cosmetic medicine.The development of plastic and aesthetic surgery is related to human aesthetics,and anthropometry can quantify aesthetic standards,so anthropometry can promote the development of plastic and aesthetic surgery.The focus of plastic and cosmetic surgery research is facial morphology.At present,the measurement of facial morphology is mainly concentrated in the eyes,ears,noses and other parts.The mandible is the base of the face.Its morphological structure directly determines the facial,such as hypertrophy of mandibular angle,protrusion or retraction of chin,local deformity after trauma and congenital abnormality of development will affect facial morphology.In the process of plastic and aesthetic practice,the use of scientific and simple methods to measure and analyze human mandibular data can help to establish the corresponding human database,and has significance for the pre-operative design,operation and post-operative prediction of mandibular related surgery in plastic and aesthetic surgery.Comparing and studying the difference and correlation of mandibular morphology between the Han and Uygur adults in Bazhou,Xinjiang,and analyzing the different measurement methods between Han adults in Central Plains,excavating the correlation between mandibular measurement and facial measurement,and comparing the practicability of direct measurement method and three-dimensional scanning measurement method in measuring different mandibular indicators.The anthropometric database provides data support for mandibular surgery in different ethnic groups,intraoperative guidance and predictive evaluation of post-operative efficacy,and lays the foundation for further genetic research on morphological differences among ethnic groups.MethodsMeasuring Points and Measurement Items Measuring points are composed of hairline point,nasal root point,frontotemporal point,inferior nasal point,nasal tip point,mouth cleft point,middle point of upper lip,middle point of lower lip,mouth corner point,supramental point,anterior mental point,submental point,mandibular corner point,pupil point,sub auricular attachment point,inferior zygomatic arch point,cervical chin point.Measurement items are composed of Height,weight,minimum frontal width,face width,width between mandibular angle points,cleft mouth,face height,morphological face height,upper lip height,lip height,mandibular body length,mandibular branch length,lateral face width,mandibular curve length,mandibular angle,mandibular body angle and cervical chin angle.Direct Measurement Straight foot gauge and bending foot gauge are used to measure the straight-line items,digital angle gauge and beauty gauge are used to measure the angle items,and tape is used to measure the length of mandibular curve.3-D Scanning Method The three-dimensional data of human head and face are obtained by using the handheld multi-functional and high-precision color threedimensional scanner EinScan-Pro.The three-dimensional files are processed and measured by using the graphics processing software Proewildfire 5.0.Data Statistical Processing Excel 2016 is used for data input and SPSS 21.0 is used for data analysis.Variance analysis is used for the difference analysis among groups.T test is used for the analysis of differences between groups.Pearson bivariate correlation analysis is used for the correlation analysis between groups.Results1.The result of Manual measurement showed that the mean and standard deviation of height,weight,minimum frontal width,face width,width between mandibular angles,mouth cleft width,face height,morphological face height,upper lip height,lip height,mandibular body length,mandibular ramus length,lateral face width,the line length of mandibular curve,mandibular angle,mandibular body angle and cervical chin angle are(166.7±8.2)cm and(65.3±13.3)Kg,(110.2±9.4)mm,(150.5±11)mm,(123.9±8.5)mm,(54.2±3.4)mm,(184.8±10.8)mm,(117.1±12)mm,(26.9±4)mm,(20.4±4)mm,108.8±11.5)mm,(49.5±9)mm,(57.3±4.7)mm,(248.4±16.5)mm,,(124.2±5.5)degree,(71.7±6.6)degree,(134.2±16.8)degrees.The results of the Uygur nationality in Bazhou area of Xinjiang are(169±7.1)cm,(66.9±7.4)Kg,(105.8±8)mm,(144±7.9)mm,(121.6±9.3)mm,(47.4±1.7)mm,(191.2±7.8)mm,(122.1±7.8)mm,(22.4±2.2)mm,(17.6±1.8)mm,(124.3±15.1)mm,(55.2±6.2)mm,(63.7±7.2)mm,(268.8±19.2)mm,(128.6±6.6)degree,(60.8±4.8)degree,(139.1±10.6)degree.2.There are no significant differences in age,weight,frontal minimum width,face width,mandibular angle width and mouth cleft width between Han adults in Central Plains and Uygur adults in Bazhou,Xinjiang.And there are significant differences in height,face height,morphological face height,lip height,upper lip height,mandibular branch length,mandibular body length,lateral width,mandibular curve length,mandibular angle and chin angle.The significant differences of measurement data between young and middle-aged people are mandibular body length,mandibular ramus length,mandibular curve length and mandibular body angle.The significant differences between middle-aged and old people are facial height,morphological face height,upper lip height,lip height,mandibular curve length and mandibular body angle.3.Between the same ethnic group of Han adults in Central Plains and Uygur in Bazhou,Xinjiang,mandibular angle is correlated with age.With the increase of age,mandibular angle shows a trend of decreasing first,then stabilizing,and then rising gradually.There is no correlation between mandibular angle and BMI.The mandibular angle and face shape,the length of mandible and the width between mandibular angles are correlated.With the increase of mandibular angle,the length of mandibular ramus decreases and the width between mandibular angles increases gradually.The width between the two mandibular body angles is correlated with the minimum frontal width,face width,mandibular body length and mandibular curve length.Cervico-chin angle is correlated with BMI.4.The statistical results of three-dimensional scanning data and direct measurement data are the same,and the difference between the two mandibular body angles has statistical significance.The mean curvature of mandibular curve measured by three-dimensional scanning data is 3.12 for males,ranging from 2.11 to 3.96,and 6.01 for females,ranging from 4.31 to 6.17.The mean curvature of Chin curve is 5.65 for males,ranging from 4.31 to 6.85 and 6.50 for females,ranging from 4.04 to 7.41.Conclusions1.There are differences in mandibular measurements between Central Plains Han and Uygur in Bazhou,Xinjiang.There is no significant difference in transverse measurement items.There is statistical significance in longitudinal measurement items,such as face height,morphological face height,upper lip height,lip height.2.The width between mandibular angles and mandibular curve of Uygur adults in Bazhou area of Xinjiang are longer than those of Han adults in Central Plains,and the mandibular body angles of adults of Uygur are smaller than that of Han adults in Central Plains,which may be related to ethnic differences.3.Between the same ethnic group of Han and Uygur in Bazhou,Xinjiang,mandibular angle is positively correlated with age,but not with BMI.Mandibular angle cannot reflect the degree of obesity.With the increase of BMI,the cervico-chin angle shows a gradual increase trend.There is a negative correlation between mandibular body angle and mandibular body length,and a positive correlation between mandibular body angle width and width between mandibular angles.The size of mandibular curvature is related to gender,and the statistical results show that measurement items of women are larger than men.4.There is no statistical significance between the three-dimensional scanning measurement method and the direct measurement method in the linear measurement items,and the mandibular body angle has statistical significance.By measuring the curvature of mandibular and chin curves,three-dimensional scanning method can evaluate the curvature of mandibular and chin curves and guide the preoperative design and post-operative evaluation of plastic and cosmetic surgery. |
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