Analysis Of Sleep Quality And Its Association With Positive And Negative Affect,Sleep Beliefs And Mindfulness In Prisoners

Objective To investigate the status of sleep quality of prisoners,and to explore the emotional and cognitive factors related to sleep quality from the perspective of positive psychology in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving sleep quality of prisoners.Methods A convenience sampling of 350 prisoners enrolled from two male prisons in Shandong Province was conducted in this survey.The prisoners filled out the general questionnaire,Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Dysfunctional Sleep Belief and Attitude Scale(DBAS-16),Positive and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS)and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale(MAAS).SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis including descriptive statistics,independent sample t-test,Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression.The mediating effect was tested with bias-corrected Bootstrap.Results1.Socio-demographic information among prisonersA total of 350 male prisoners were investigated in this study,the average age was 36.78(SD=9.19),ranging from 18 to 70.64.0%of prisoners were from rural areas,50.6%of them had a junior middle school education level,42.0%of prisoners were married and 35.1%were unmarried.40%of them had fixed jobs before they went to prison,25.4%of the prisoners committed crimes against personal rights,36.6%of the prisoners committed crimes of infringing property,54.3%of the prisoners were sentenced to more than 10 years.2.The scores of sleep quality and its differences in socio-demographic information among prisonersThe average scores of PSQI were(7.06± 4.34),ranging from 0 to 20.The scores of daytime dysfunction(1.49± 1.11)and the scores of falling asleep(1.41± 0.96)were higher than other dimensions of PSQI.203 people with a total score of PSQI>5 points,accounting for 58.0%.T-test and ANOVA analysis showed prisoners who were unemployed before imprisonment,committed crimes against personal rights,sentenced to more than 10 years in prison,suffered from chronic diseases and had a bad relationship with accomplices had greater PSQI scores than other groups(Ps<0.05).3.The scores of positive and negative affect,sleep beliefs,mindfulness and their correlations with PSQI scoresThe average scores of positive and negative affect,sleep beliefs and attitudes and mindfulness were(27.17± 6.64),(24.42± 7.32),(43.14± 12.08)and(62.55± 12.98)respectively.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the scores of PSQI were negatively related to positive affect(r =-0.197)?sleep beliefs(r =-0.291)and mindfulness(r =-0.418)scores(P<0.05),while positively associated with negative affect(r = 0.497,P<0.05).4.Mediating effect of positive affect and negative affect among prisonersAfter controlling demographic variables,firstly,PSQI scores were regarded as dependent variable,while sleep beliefs were introduced into the model as independent variable.The results showed that,sleep beliefs(?-0.271,P<0.001)could predict the scores of PSQI.Secondly,positive affect and negative affect were included as dependent variable,respectively,while sleep beliefs were introduced into the model as independent variable.The results showed that,sleep beliefs could predict positive affect and negative affect(/? = 0.335,-0.221,Ps<0.001),respectively.Thirdly,PSQI scores were regarded as dependent variable,while positive affect and negative affect were included in model as mediate variable,and sleep beliefs were regarded as independent variable.It was found that the absolute regression coefficients of sleep beliefs(? =-0.141,P = 0.005)decreased which indicated positive and negative affect played partial mediating roles between sleep beliefs and PSQI scores.Bootstrap test showed that the 95%CI of the indirect effect of positive and negative affect between sleep beliefs and sleep quality were(-0.09,-0.02),(-0.14,-0.03),respectively,neither including 0,indicating that the mediating effects were significant.Using the same method,it was confirmed that positive and negative effects played a partial mediating effects between mindfulness and PSQI,and the mediation model was established.Conclusions1.The sleep problem of prisoners is common.2.Sleep beliefs,positive affect and mindfulness could positively predict sleep quality,while negative affect could negatively predict sleep quality among prisoners.3.Positive and negative affect played mediating roles between sleep beliefs and sleep quality,mindfulness and sleep quality,respectively,which provided a theoretical basis for improving sleep quality of prisoners.