Alterations Of The Human Gut Microbiome In The Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis With Liver Cirrhosis And Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome

Objective To explore the alterations of the human gut microbiome in the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis compared with health people,and the effects of changes in gut microbial on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients,the composition of gut bacterial communities of SBP and healthy people was determined by 16 S rDNA sequencing,supplying further basis to study the mechanisms of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.To analyze the impact of changes in intestinal flora on the development and outcome of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome,compare the differences of human gut microbiota between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients and healthy people,providing an ideal to clear the pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.Materials and Methods Isolates The stool samples of 16 SBP patients used in this study were from inpatients from 2015 to 2016 in Department of Infectious Diseases,First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.The selection criteria of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were in line with the 2010 European Association of Hepatology(EASL) published " the treatment clinical practice guidelines of liver cirrhosis,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome ".The stool samples from 14 healthy control subjects from the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.The exclusion criteria of healthy controls included hepatitis,cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis,and other primary diseases.All samples were taken within two months before taking any hepatoprotective drugs,probiotics and antibiotics.The stool samples collected from 26 SFTS patients in this study were from inpatients from 2016-2017 in the Department of Infectious Diseases,First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.The SFTS patients was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)tests or serological tests as guided by the Ministry of Health,China.The fecal specimens of the 20 healthy control groups were from the physical examination center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University.Exclusion criteria included the following: gastrointestinal disease,a history of cancer,diabetes mellitus,liver diseases,an intake history of any medicine,antibiotics or probiotics within the preceding 3 months.Methods 1.Sample collection and DNA extraction.2.PCR amplification of the V4-V5 or V5 hypervariable region of the16 S rDNA gene.3.PCR products were purified and then constructed for high-throughput sequencing.4.Sequencing results were processed and bioinformatics analysis.Results 1.The number of OTU,Chao index and Shannon index of SBP patients were significantly lower than that in healthy people.2.The composition of intestinal microbiota in patients with SBP is different from that in healthy people.Halomonadaceae,Enterobacteriaceae,Nocardioidaceae,Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae bacteria were increased in patients with SBP,Bacteroidaceae,Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae bacteria were reduced in SBP patients.3.Compared with health controls,the OTUs,Chao index and Shannon index were highly decreased in SFTS patients,indicating that both richness and diversity estimators in SFTS are much lower than in health controls.4.The prevalence of Prevotellaceae,Lachnospiraceae,Rumminococaceae,Clostridiaceae and Alcaligenaceae in the intestinal flora of patients with SFTS was lower than that in the normal population.5.The proportion of Veillonellaceae,Streptococcaceae,Lactobacillaceae,Enterococcaceae,and Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal microbiome of patients with SFTS increased than these in healthy people.Conclusions 1.Using 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology to compared gut microbiome of SBP patients to health human,it was found that the intestinal microbiota in SBP patients was obviously disordered,and there was a decrease in the richness and diversity of intestinal flora.Halomonadaceae,Enterobacteriaceae,Nocardioidaceae,Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae bacteria were increased in patients with SBP,and Bacteroidaceae,Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae bacteria were decreased in SBP patients.2.There are significant changes in intestinal flora in SFTS patients.On the one hand,the intestinal microbiome-diversity is dropped.On the other hand,the intestinal microbiome which is characterized by the beneficial effects such as Lachnospiraceae,Rumminococaceae,Prevotellaceae,Clostridiaceae and Alcaligenaceae were reduced,and the harmful bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae,Streptococcaceae,Enterococcaceae,Lactobacillaceae,Veillonellaceae were increased.