Phylogeography Of Allium Macrostemon

Allium macrostemon Bunge is a perennial herb of the genus Amaryllidaceae(Allium),Medicinal food homologous plant.Originating in China,South Korea,Japan,and the Russian Far East,it has a wide range of distribution,and there are very few reports on the pedigree of Allium macrostemon.This study screened 13 ISSR primers and the chloroplast gene Psb A-trn H fragment to conduct a pedigree geography study of wild Allium macrostemon,and based on the existing geographic distribution data and climate data,combined with the niche simulation MAXENT software to predict the Allium macrostemon in each period Potential distribution area,get the following results:(1)Based on the genetic diversity of 13 ISSR primers,the genetic diversity of Allium macrostemon at the species level is high,PPB=100%,Ht=0.3165,I=0.4833,genetic diversity within the population Hs=0.1498,and genetic differentiation coefficient Gst=0.5267 is high,and gene communication between populations is infrequent(Nm=0.4493).AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic differentiation coefficient Fst was 0.50181,indicating that the genetic variation among the populations of Allium macrostemon was 50.18%.The genetic distance varies from0.0721 to 0.3717.Among them,the population with the smallest genetic distance is the population in Zhejiang(WZS)and Anhui(CZS),indicating the closest relationship between the two,and the population with the farthest genetic distance is the population in Shandong(GZS)and Guizhou(XWX),indicating the relationship between the two Farthest.Mantel test showed a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance of Allium macrostemon.(2)The sequence length of the Allium macrostemon Bunge varied is 512 bp,a total of 11 Haplotypes were identified based on 6 variations site.The total haplotype diversity(HT=0.55435)and the total nucleotide diversity(PT=0.00128)of Allium macrostemon showed that it has a high level of genetic diversity.The coefficient of population genetic differentiation(Nst(0.730)>Gst(0.645),P<0.05),indicating significant phylogeographic structure across the species distribution range.AMOVA analysis result showed that the variance among the population(56.28%)was above than the variation within the group(43.72%),and the genetic differentiation coefficient Fst=0.43719>0.25,indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation of the Allium macrostemon population was higher.Neutral test,mismatch analysis and Mantel test result suggested probable population expansion in the species.(3)Species distribution models(SDMs)and the possible glacial refuge:The simulation results of and the total nucleotide diversity(P_T=0.00128)of Allium macrostemon showed that niche showed that the AUC values were all greater than0.983,the higher contribution factors of ecological factors are the precipitation in the warmest quarter,the coefficient of variation of precipitation,and the average temperature in the coldest season.The contribution rates are 39.8%,15.5%,and 12.8%in turn.This result shows that temperature,precipitation,and seasonality have a greater impact on Allium macrostemon.The distribution range of Allium macrostemon during the LGM period contracted,and it expanded in the middle of the Holocene.The current Allium macrostemon distribution area is similar to the middle Holocene.Calculations based on the suitable area of the Allium macrostemon distribution area show that the current suitable area of Allium macrostemon is the largest.Combining chloroplast gene psb A-trn H fragments and ISSR marker data analysis,the results show that the Changbai Mountains in the northeast,the Wuling Mountains,the Anhui-Zhejiang Mountains,the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Taihang Mountains,and the Helan Mountains,not only contain ancestral haplotypes,but also many private haplotype and high genetic diversity.It is implied that there are at least two refuges for Allium macrostemon in its distribution in Quaternary glaciation.