| Okra(Hibiscus esulentus L.)is an annual herb of the genus Okra.In addition to protein,fat,carbohydrates,vitamins,minerals and dietary fiber,the okra tender contains special ingredients such as flavonoids and pectin.It can be used as a high-grade vegetable or as a new type of functional health food.More than 80%of the nitrates ingested by the human body come from vegetables.The application of organic fertilizer can effectively reduce the nitrate content in vegetables and improve the safe quality of vegetables.On the other hand,the main edible part of okra is an incompletely mature tender pod.Reducing the cellulose content of the pod is an important measure to improve the quality and yield of the okra.Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of two organic fertilizers,decompos-ed chicken manure and decomposed pig manure,on the growth,physiology,plant NPK content,quality and yield of okra.Three fertilization levels were set for decomposed chicken manure respectively:A1(785 kg/1000m~2),A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and A3(2355 kg/1000m~2).Three fertilization levels were set for decomposed pig manure:B1(583 kg/1000m~2),B2(1166kg/1000m~2)and B3(1749 kg/1000m~2)and chemical fertilizer was used as control.In this experiment,the physiological characteristics,quality,plant composition and yield of okra were analyzed to determine the effect of different organic fertilizers on the cultivation of okra,which provided a theoretical basis for the green production and scientific distribution of okra.The experimental results are as follows:1.The plant height and leaf number of okra increased significantly due to the application of chicken manure and pig manure and kept increasing with the increase of two fertilizer amount.In terms of plant height,A1(785 kg/1000m~2),A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and A3(2355 kg/1000m~2)of chicken manure increased by 15.56%,17.67%and 24.51%,respectively;and B1(583kg/1000m~2),B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)and B3(1749 kg/1000m~2)of pig manure increased by15.86%,22.86%and 27.29%,respectively.In terms of the number of leaves,A1(785 kg/1000m~2),A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and A3(2355 kg/1000m~2)of chicken manure increased by 14.29%,17.14%and 28.57%,respectively;and that of pig manure treatment B1(583 kg/1000m~2),B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)and B3(1749 kg/1000m~2)increased by 17.14%,17.14%and 20.00%,respectively.Compared with the control,the two organic fertilizers had little effect on the stem diameter of okra.2.After the comprehensive analysis and comparison,it is found that both the chicken manure treatment A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and the pig manure treatment B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)significantly improved the chlorophyll content,SOD activity,POD activity and CAT activity of okra,and reduced the MDA content significantly,and hence greatly improved the physiological condition and resistance of the okra plants.The experiment also showed that the CAT activity of the okra plants increased with the increase of chicken manure application;and with the increase of the application amount of pig manure,the SOD activity of the okra plants decreased and the POD activity increased.3.The results also showed that both the chicken manure treatment A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and the pig manure treatment B2(1166 kg/1000m~2),can improve the soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,vitamin C content,flavonoid content and pectin content of the okra fruit significantly;and the nitrate content and cellulose content of the okra fruit decreased.Compared with chemical fertilizer,the soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,vitamin C content,flavonoid content and pectin content of okra fruits treated with chicken manure application rate of 1570 kg/1000m~2(A2)increased by 91.74%,49.88%,37.99%,8.06%and 33.54%,respectively;and the nitrate content and cellulose content of okra fruit decreased by 41.16%and34.91%,respectively.Compared with the chemical fertilizers,the soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,vitamin C content,flavonoid content and pectin content of okra fruit treated with pig manure application rate of 1166 kg/1000m~2(B2)were increased by 84.74%,89.39%,28.91%,10.53%and 7.17%,respectively,the nitrate content and cellulose content of okra decreased by 34.35%and 12.32%,respectively.In addition,the pectin content of okra fruit increased and cellulose content decreased with the increase of organic manure application amount.This showed that different types of organic fertilizers,as well as different application rates of similar organic fertilizers,had different effects on the quality of vegetables.4.Compared with chemical fertilizers,the chicken manure treatment A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)can significantly increase the accumulation of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium in the fruit of okra,which increased by 11.07%,19.85%and 18.21%,respectively.The pig manure treatment B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)significantly increased the total nitrogen content of the okra fruit,which was 7.85%higher than that of the control.The increase of total phosphorus and total potassium in the fruit was not significant.It is indicated that the application of appropriate amount of chicken manure can promote nutrient accumulation in the fruit of okra and improve fruit quality.5.The chicken manure treatment A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)significantly increased the number of fruits of the okra,and the pig manure treatment B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)significantly increased the single fruit weight of the okra fruit.The experiment showed that both the application of appropriate amount of chicken manure and appropriate amount of pig manure can significantly increase the yield of okra,and the yield of treated A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and B2(1166kg/1000m~2)reached 1360.004 kg/1000m~2 and 1241.525 kg/1000m~2,respectively,which is the highest yield of the same organic fertilizer treatment.And compared with the control,the yield of treated A2(1570 kg/1000m~2)and B2(1166 kg/1000m~2)increased by 265.306 kg/1000m~2 and146.787 kg/1000m~2,respectively,the difference of which was significant.In comparison,the highest yield can be achieved with the chicken manure treatment A2(1570 kg/1000m~2).In summary,two fertilization standards,both the chicken manure treatment A2(1570kg/1000m~2)and the pig manure treatment B2(1166 kg/1000m~2),can effectively improve the quality and yield of okra,and can be used as a basis for fertilization of okra planting production. |
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