Research On Integrated Nutrient Resource Management For High Quality And Yield Of Peach In Central Hebei

China is the main production zone of peach in the world.During the production process there are some problems existing,such as high nutrient input,low management level,unstable yield and poor quality.Thus,clarifying factors of influencing yield and quality gap of peach orchards,finding effective measures to reduce yield and quality gap and establishing comprehensive nutrient management technology of peach trees are important.These approaches are the supplementary for achieving the high quality and yield of peach trees in China.In this study,based on two years'tracking and monitoring results and field experiment of peach orchards in central Hebei province,the works about researching on the main factor and influence degree of each factor affecting yield and quality gap of peach trees were carried out.Through nutrient diagnosing of peach flower and leaf and combining the optimization measures of supporting cultivation management integrated and verified comprehensive nutrient management technology of peach trees.The main results are as follows:?1?There are significantly difference on yield and quality among peach orchards in central Hebei.The range of yield,per fruit weight and fruit number of whole plant were from 11.7 to 36.2 t·hm^-2,168.3 to 350.9 g and 83 to 267 respectively.The soluble solid,titratable acid and Vc content was from10.77 to 12.72%,0.24 to 0.36%and 24.9 to 81.75mg·kg^-1,respectively.Due to the influence of climate and management strategies,there was a large difference of yield and some correlation on qualities of the same peach orchards between two years.?2?The average total amount of nitrogen?N?,phosphorus?P₂O₅?and potassium?K₂O?input were range from 680 to 1053 kg·hm^-2,277 to 925 kg·hm^-22 and 358 to 718kg·hm^-2,respectively.Chemical fertilizer was the main source of nutrient input.There is a big difference of nutrient input of different peach orchards,for instance,the highest amount of pure nitrogen input exceeded 2000 kg·hm^-2,while the lowest was only 115kg·hm^-2.Compared with soil nutrient classification standard of fruit orchards,the nitrate nitrogen content were at low level in different growth periods,available phosphorus and potassium content were at higher level and trace elements content were in rich level.Soil nutrient contents were fluctuated greatly with the seasons,and increased with the increase of planting years.?3?The yield and quality gap of peach trees were closely related to the management and soil factors,but the contribution rate of different factors were different.The contribution rates of the number of per plant to the yield gap was the highest?22%?,tree age,density,nitrogen application and nitrate nitrogen were higher than 10%and the other factors were lower than 10%.The contribution rate of the number of per plant to per fruit weight gap was 22%,density and nitrate nitrogen were 21%and 19%,respectively.The contribution rate of the number of per plant to soluble solid content gap was 19%,the irrigation time,available zinc content and nitrogen input were more than 10%.In addition,the dominance rates of the number of per plant on yield gap,per fruit weight gap and soluble solid content gap were the highest at 42,19 and 18%,respectively.?4?The results of field trial showed that in terms of yield composition,the yield of optimal fertilization treatment?OPT?was 37%higher than non-fertilizer treatment?CK?.Per fruit weight of OPT was highest?206 g?,while the CK was lowest?187 g?.For quality,there were significant difference in soluble solid content,titratable acid and solid acid ratio among different treatments,but no significant difference in hardness and Vc content.OPT has the lowest titrated acid content and the highest solid acid ratio.In conclusion,the yield and quality of OPT could reach the best level.The results of leaf nutrients content showed that there were significant difference of total nitrogen and potassium content of different treatments in 30 days after peach flower bloom.The content of total nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,active manganese and active zinc of different treatments show a obvious difference in 60 days after flower bloom.There were also significant difference of total phosphorus and active copper content of different treatments were significantly in 120 days after flower bloom.The tendency of total nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium content of peach leaves were as follows:30 days after flower bloom>60 days after flower bloom>120 days after flower bloom.?5?The suitable nutrient contents of peach flower and leaf in different periods were determined by boundary line method.The main results were as follows:?1?the optimum contents of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,active iron,active copper,active manganese and active zinc of peach flower were 3.32%,0.50%,2.57%,90.67mg·kg^-1,16.82 mg·kg^-1,9.00 mg·kg^-1 and 49.77 mg·kg^-11 respectively;?2?the optimum content of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,active iron and active copper of peach leaf in 60 days after full bloom were 3.67%,0.16%,2.22%,61.33 mg·kg^-1 and83.93 mg·kg^-1;?3?the optimum content of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,active iron,active manganese and active zinc of peach leaf in 120 days after full bloom were 3.24%,0.20%,2.08%,52.45 mg·kg^-1,77.82 mg·kg^-1 and 15.11 mg·kg^-1.?6?The comprehensive nutrient management technology of peach was integrated and summarized the following technical points:?1?determining target yield,target per fruit weight and ftuit number of whole tree;?2?according to soil nutrient status after fruit harvest?in September?,determining the supply level of soil nutrients and equilibrium coefficient,establishing the total nutrient input;?3?according to nutrient distribution proportion of different periods,determining fertilizing plan of different periods;?4?in growing period,adjusting fertilization plan based on the nutrition diagnosis results of peach flower and leaf;?5?combine with optimized cultivation management mearsures,such as thining flower and fruit,pest control and iron chlorosis prevention.Validation test shows that the comprehensive nutrient management technology of peach can realize the target of high quality and yield.In a word,through track monitoring and field experiment,on the basis of revealing problems existed in peach orchards'production by small farmers in central Hebei,determining limiting factors of peach yield ang quality,establishing nutritional diagnosis indexes of peach flower and leaf,and establishing comprehensive nutrient management technology.Validation test showed that the comprehensive nutrient management technology of peach realized the target of high quality and yield.