| Nan Wuweizi is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb commonly used in China.It was originally used with Wuweizi(commonly known as "Bei Wuweizi")under the name "Wuweizi" for medicinal purposes.It was not until the Chinese pharmacopoeia(2010 edition)that Nan Wuweizi was recorded as an independent medicinal material for clinical use.The source plant of Nan Wuweizi is Schisandra sphenanthera,which are widely distributed and have the effect to arrest discharges,replenish qi,promote fluid secretion,tonify the kidney,and induce sedation.As a single crude drug,there are many problems in the application of Nan Wuweizi,such as the confusion of its source plants,non-standard processing methods in the producing areas,incomplete evaluation of medicinal materials and the remaining problems in Schisandra taxonomy.In view of the above problems,this study carried out the research on the source plant of Nan Wuweizi and its related species,the investigation on resources and the chloroplast genome of Schisandra.Through the decipherment of Nan Wuweizi in Chinese Ancient Literature,we clarified the usage of Nan Wuweizi for medicinal purposes in ancient time;Through the investigation of the resources of Nan Wuweizi producing areas,the original use and processing methods of each medicinal material producing area were clarified;We study the phylogenetic position of the related species through the chloroplast genome of Schisandra to solve the remaining problems in Schisandra.The research results show that:1)The producing areas of Nan Wuweizi in ancient time were clarified,which are basically consistent with the modern producing areas of Nan Wuweizi.2)The source plant of Nan Wuweizi is Schisandra sphenanthera,and to some extent,S glaucesens may be also used.3)Nan Wuweizi had been recorded in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.After that,Song Dynasty had been to distinguish it from S.sinensis through analyzing painted medicine figure in Tu Jing Ben Cao.To Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty,There were a clear distinction between as Nan Wuweizi and Wuweizi.4)As two different medicinal materials,they have different focuses in clinical efficacy,i.e.Nan Wuweizi for cough syndrome induced by wind-cold,Wuweizi for asthenia syndrome induced by weak bodily function weak.This view was widely recognized by doctors in the Ming and Qing dynasties,so the two herbs should be given equal importance in modern clinical evaluation.5).The primary processing of Nan Wuweizi includes removing branches and stems,drying(drying in the sun and in the shade);The processing methods include stir-frying(micro-roasting),honey stir-frying(steaming with honey),wine stir-frying(steaming with wine)and vinegar stir-frying(vinegar paste pills),among which honey stir-frying is the most widely used.The results of the investigation on the producing resources of Nan Wuweizi showed that the producing areas of Nan Wuweizi were concentrated in the arched region of Qinling and Dabashan mountains along the northern margin of sichuan basin,and the yield of medicinal materials in shaanxi province was the largest among all the producing areas.The source plant has the chaotic situation that not only has the S.sphenanthera.There are various drying methods in harvesting and processing in the producing area,but the drying method should be based on sunlight.There is no unified standard in terms of specifications and grades.Instead,the specifications are roughly divided according to the harvesting period and drying method,and this division method is not scientific.The structure of chloroplast genome of Schisandra had a typical quadripartite structure,the length was between 145.4kb and 147.6kb,and the GC content was similar.A total of 113 different genes were annotated in the chloroplast genome of Schisandra,including 79 protein-coding genes,30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes,including 18 intron genes.Repeat sequence analysis showed that the chloroplast genome of Schisandra contains 48 SSR on average,including 30 mono-SSR,6 di-SSR,1 tri-SSR,5 Tetra-SSR,3 penta-SSR and 2 hexa-SSR.The average forward repeat(F),palindrome repeat(P)and tandem repeat(T)sequences of the chloroplast genome of Schisandra were 30,15 and 28,respectively.Through the comparative analysis of IR boundaries,it was found that the IR boundaries in Schisandra were very stable,and the genes were completely the same at boundary.In most species,the distance between the boundary of IR-SC and the boundary genes was exactly the same,with only slight changes,no more than 20bp.In Schisandraceae,the IR region of Schisandra and Kadsura is very different,which can be divided into S-type and L-type.The IR region of Schisandra is all S-type,the Kadsura coccinea is S-type,and the other species in Kadsura is L-type IR region.The IR region of the S-type genome contracted,leaving the IR region with five fewer genes than the L-type.The variation of non-coding region was greater than coding region,and the variation of SC region was greater than IR region.Phylogenetic analysis showed that most species of this genus have unique systematic position in the phylogenetic tree except for S.sphenanthera,S.glaucesens,S.incamata,S.pubescens which imply the four species have a close relationship though S.sphenanthera’s fruit morphology is clearly distinguished from other species.The study results recognize the six subgenus treatment of Law classification,and non-monophyly of Schisandra that S.plena and S.propinqua var.sinensis grouped into Kadsura.In addition,the resuts do not support Linqi ’s viewpoint that S.sphenanthera can be merged into S.elongeta with some other related species. |
