| The application of spice plants in humans has a long history.The Lama Temple incense burner,French perfume,and a wide variety of cuisines all leave the fragrance of plants.Spice plants are important resources for religious culture,cooking,beauty makeup,daily life and so on.In China,east and west across the longitude of more than 60 degrees,north and south across the latitude of nearly 50 degrees,covering sub-cold coniferous forest climate,temperate monsoon climate,temperate continental climate,temperate desert climate,subtropical monsoon climate,tropical monsoon climate,tropical rainforest climate,plateau mountain climate,etc.The average altitude from east to west has risen from less than 50 m to more than 4,000 m,across the plains,the Loess Plateau,the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,etc.Annual rainfall from 1500-2000 mm to less than 50 mm or even less than 20 mm,from south to north across the tropics,subtropics,warm temperate zone,mid-temperate zone and cold temperate climate zone.Complex and diverse geographical and climatic conditions create conditions for plant growth,so China has a wealth of spice plant resources.This paper investigates the types,distribution,chemical composition and development status of spice plant resources in China,analyzes the value and application prospects of its development and utilization,and combines its wild savings and cultivation status to rationally develop and utilize Chinese spice plants.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)There are 254 kinds of common spice plants in China,distributed in 159 genera of 68 families,including 27 species of Labiatae,22 species of Lauraceae,17 species of Compositae,16 species of magnoliaceae,15 species of Rutaceae,15 species of Umbelliferae,12 species of Zingiberaceae,9 species of Liliaceae,9 species of Leguminosae,9 species of Pinaceae,8 species of Rosaceae,and 7 species of Gramineae.It accounts for 65.35% of the common spice plant species in China.(2)According to the life type,the spices in China are mainly perennial herbaceous spices and arborescent spices,and the shrubs and vines are less.The specific data are as follows: There are 118 kinds of herbaceous spice plants including 84 species of perennial herbaceous spice plants,9 species of biennial herbaceous spice plants and 25 species of annual herbaceous spice plants.And there are 137 kinds of woody spice plants,including 67 species of evergreen tree-type spice plants,29 species of deciduous tree-type spice plants,27 species of evergreen shrub-type spice plants and 14 species of deciduous shrub-type spice plants.There are also 9 kinds of vine spice plants.(3)There are 254 kinds of common spice plants in China.The complete wild spice plants include 33 species such as Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f.,Gaultheria forrestii,Gaultheria leucocarpa Bl.var.crenulata(Kurz)T.Z.Hsu,Mosla chinensis Maxim.,and Ramalina fastigiata(Pers.)Ach..These spice plants have the characteristics of large biomass,rare chemical components,simple growth conditions,having prospects,etc.,which can be used as an introduction and cultivation of wild spice plant resources.There are 29 plants such as tamarindus indica l.,Evodia rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth.,Pistacia weinmannifolia J.Poisson ex Franch.,Daphne odora Thunb.and Trachelospermum jasminoides(Lindl.)Lem.which have been used for the extraction of essential oils,extractum and other fragrances in production.However,the chemical composition of these plants has not been reported yet.So deeper chemical resource research is needed for such spice plants to determine its main aroma chemical composition,in order to efficiently and sustainably develop and utilize plant resources.(4)Common chemical constituents are ?-pinene,linalool,Cinene,?-pinene,myrcene,borneol,?-terpineol,1,8-eucalyptol,geraniol,camphor and so on.There are 83 kinds of plants containing ?-pinene,72 kinds of plants containing linalool,69 kinds of plants containing Cinene,62 kinds of plants containing ?-pinene,56 kinds of plants containing myrcene,43 kinds of plants containing borneol,34 kinds of plants containing ?-terpineol,34 kinds of plants containing 1,8-eucalyptol,and 29 kinds of plants containing geraniol and 25 kinds of plants containing camphor.(5)Utilization status of spice plants: The raw materials of arbor or shrub-type spices in China mainly come from wild plant resources,and there is no certain planning in planting.However,some spice plants are reduced in quality and yield due to migration and cultivation.In terms of resources,the types of spice plants in China and the chemical components of some spice plants are not clear,and the comprehensive utilization level,processing technology and equipment are not excellent enough.(6)Suggestions on the development,utilization and protection of spice plants in China: First,we must meet the needs of production from raw material planting,carry out rational and cautious introduction and cultivation,breeding and research on biotechnology extraction of rare spice plants with slow growth rate and low biomass.Such as Ramalina fastigiata(Pers.)Ach.,Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.,etc.The second is to further investigate the spice plant resources in China,and to domesticate and cultivate wild spice plants with large biomass and development value.Thirdly,to improve the comprehensive utilization of spice plant resources.It is not only limited to be used as essential oils and seasoning,but also to optimize equipment and improve technology in spice processing.Especially for spice plants in cooking,which should be gradually converted from crude seasoning to refined processed products. |
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