Characterization Of The Nanoparticle Component Of Wood Vinegar And Its Effect On Seed Germination And Plant Growth Of Maize

The composition of crude wood vinegar is complex and the active components are diverse,including solid phase and liquid phase(wood vinegar).The solid phase often enters the environment as the refining of crude wood vinegar is discarded.At present,most of the studies at home and abroad focus on the separation of organic acids and phenols in liquid phase,but the biological activities of other components in crude wood vinegar,especially in solid phase,are less studied.In this study,crude wood vinegar from rice husk was separated into refined wood vinegar solution and nanoparticles component by membrane separation technique,centrifugation and dialysis.The component was characterized by dynamic light scattering(DLS),transmission electron microscope(TEM)and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)nanoparticles.On this basis,the refined wood vinegar solution and nanoparticles component were diluted 0 times,100 times,1000 times and 10000 times,respectively.The summer maize variety "Zheng Dan 958" was used as the test material.The effects of different concentrations of refined wood vinegar and nanoparticles component on seed germination,seedling growth,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize were studied by means of seed germination experiment,seedling pot experiment and field plot experiment.In order to provide a new way of thinking for the utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes and environmental protection.The main results are as follows:(1)Based on the dynamic light scattering(DLS),transmission electron microscope(TEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),the average particle size of nano-particles is 24.17 nm,zeta and the potential of-33.2 mv,is hydroxyl-rich.Aryl and amide groups.Characterization results:the average particle size of nano-particles is 24.17 nm,zeta potential is-33.2 mv,containing hydroxyl group,aryl group and amide group.(2)Compared with the control,the wood vinegar diluted 0 to 100 times significantly inhibited seed germination,seed germination energy,germination rate,germination index,vigor index and a-amylase activity decreased by 6.9%? 100%,respectively.However,the germination energy,germination index,vigor index and ?-amylase activity of seeds were significantly increased by 7.0%,7.7%,23.5%and 27.7%respectively under dilution of 1000 times,but had no significant effect on germination rate.Different from the effect of wood vinegar refining solution,the nano-particles diluted 100-1000 times could promote the germination of seeds,among which dilution of 1000-fold was the best.Compared with the control,the germination energy,germination rate,germination index,vigor index and ?-amylase activity of seeds were significantly increased by 10.1%,2.8%,12.2%,36.5%and 35.8%respectively under dilution of 1000 times.(3)No matter at the three-leaf stage or the five-leaf stage,compared with the control,the refined wood vinegar diluted 0 times ignificantly inhibited the growth of the shoot and underground parts of maize seedlings,and decreased the dry matter weight of the above-ground and underground parts by 15.8%?31.6%,respectively.However,the dry matter of ground and underground increased 7.5%?52.2%respectively under 1000 times dilution treatment.Different from the effect of wood vinegar refining solution,nano-particles diluted 0 times had no significant effect on the growth of shoot and underground parts of seedlings,and the growth indexes,chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of seedlings could be increased by 100 to 1000 times dilution,among which dilution of 1000 times was the best.Compared with the control,the dry matter weight increased by 11.8%?43.5%at 1000 times dilution.(4)Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer,nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase maize yield.At the silking stage and harvest stage,compared with the conventional fertilization,no significant affected in dry matter accumulation,nutrient accumulation,stalk/leaf nitrogen transport efficiency and yield were observed in maize plants treated with 20%nitrogen fertilizer and soaking seed by refined wood vinegar and nano-particles diluted 1000 times,but the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 9.2%and 9.4%,respectively.Therefore,it can reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and stabilize the production.However,when nitrogen fertilizer application was reduced by 40%,the yield could be reduced by 9.3%and 8.0%,respectively,even if soaking seed by refined wood vinegar and nano-particles diluted 1000 times.(5)Under the condition of 20%reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and seed soaking by 1000 times dilution of refined wood vinegar and nanoparticles component,compared with the conventional fertilization at big horn mouth stage,NR,GS and GOGAT enzyme activities were significantly increased by 9.1%?16.9%,respectively.Under the condition of 20%reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and seed soaking by 1000 times dilution of refined wood vinegar and nanoparticles component,compared with the conventional fertilization at the filling stage,the activities of NR,GS,GOGAT enzymes,SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate had not significantly change,So that the nitrogen metabolism and the photosynthesis are maintained at a higher level,the nutrient transfer from vegetative organ to grain is accelerated,and the corn yield is ensured.