Morphological Taxonomy And Molecular Phylogeny Of Anaphothrips Genus-group (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) From China

Anaphothrips genus-group(Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Thripinae)includes the taxa in which species have no developed pronotal posteroangular setae(or only a pair).This group are usually associated with Poaceae grasses,of which Anaphothrips obscurus and Anaphothrips sudanensis are economically important pest of cereal crops.In this paper,thirty species in nine genus of Anaphothrips genus-group from China are reviewed.Meanwhile,partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene of 110 specimens in 16 species under 6 genera are sequenced,and 18 S ribosomal DNA,28 S ribosomal DNA,Histone 3 are sequenced from each species.Phylogenetic trees are reconstructed by 3 methods(Maximum Likehood,Neighbor Joining,Bayesian inference)based upon mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene and combination gene(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene,18 S ribosomal DNA,28 S ribosomal DNA and Histone 3 gene)to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship of Anaphothrips genus-group from China.The main results are listed as follows:1.Thirty species in 9 genera of Anaphothrips genus-group from China are reviewed,and descriptions and 180 morphological figures are provided for 19 species in 7 genera.Meanwhile,the keys to genera and species of Anaphothrips genus-group from China are also given.Besides,the world distribution patterns of Chinese species in Anaphothrips genus-group are discussed.Seven species are new to science: Anaphothrips dentatus Cui,Xi & Wang,2017,Anaphothrips jinxii sp.n.,Anaphothrips nonporous sp.n.,Anaphothrips oroqeni sp.n.,Anaphothrips qinghaiensis sp.n.,Anaphothrips tengliuae sp.n.and Rubiothrips chinensis sp.n.;one genus,Rubiothrips Schliephake,1975 is a new record from China;2 species,Aptinothrip karnyi John,1927 and Caprithrips melanophthalmus(Bagnall,1972)are fistly recorded in China;the males of three species are described for the first time: Anaphothrips beijingensis Mirab-balou Chen & Tong,2012,C.melanophthalmus and Oxythrips strobilus(Tong & Zhang,1994).Zoogeographical analyses indicated that species number in Anaphothrips genus-group from China were richer in the temperate than in the tropics or subtropics,and more than 50% of total species nuber were endemic in the Palaearctic Region.2.Four phylogenetic trees for 16 species in 6 genera in Anaphothrips genus-group from China were constructed based upon different methods.The result incate that: Anaphothrips and Aptinothrips are monophy genus,Caprithrips and Eremiothrips diverged from other species in earlier era,and Oxythripsis is a sister group of Rubiothrips;species in Anaphothrips from China were divided into 2 or 3 clades,but the genetic distance and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that A.jinxii sp.n.is distinct from others species in Anaphothrips;the average genetic distance among Aptinothrips is 17.74% and the average genetic distance among A.rufus is 6.61% and may contain cryptospecies.A.rufus and A.karnyi are sister group with a low support value.