Taxonomy And Molecular Systematics Of Lyophyllum In Yunnan

Most species of genus Lyophyllum are edible and delicious with food value and high medicinal value. In view of the current research status at home and abroad, the classification and molecular phylogenetics of this fungus is more in confusion, and the phylogenetic relationship is a big controversy. With the development and wide application of molecular biology and biological technology has been widely applied, genes or gene fragments are have been used to construct phylogenetic trees of species and species identification are given priority. This paper is based on traditional morphological identification, using direct sequencing of PCR products from36Lyophyllum specimens in Yunnan provice to obtain the ITS and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences. In order to explore the phylogenetic relationship among genus Lyophyllum from Yunnan as well as providing a reference to the researching and protecting of the fungal classification and diversity, this study put the Ossicaulis. lachnopus and O. lignatilis as the outgroup to get the phylogenetic tree of Lyophyllum respectively with using Maximum parsimony method. The results were as follows:Morphological characteristics show that:genus Lyophyllum from Yunnan consists primarily of L. fumosum、L. shimeji、 L. rhombicosporum and Lyophyllum sp.(including4species at least). The L. fumosum(including14specimens) is charactered by fruiting body clustered, stipe often bent, forming a total base of handle base, pileus with hill-like protruding. The L. shimeji(including14specimens) is charactered by bottom of the stipe jars enlarged, medulla mycelium to a thick asian grain between layers. L1373and L2082were considered as a new species because of their unique diamond-shaped spores. LO191, L0218and L0321belong to a separate species respectively because of their morphological variation; L1194and L1195belong to one species, but are not specific as a species, collectively known as the Lyophyllum sp..phylogenetic tree of genus Lyophyllum based on ITS sequence shows that genus Lyophyllum of Yunnan can be divided into two large clade, clade I divided into six small clade including L. cf. fumosum、 L. cf. shimeji、 Lyophyllum spl and Lyophyllum sp2. clade Ⅱ divided into three small clade including L. sykosporum、L. semitale、 L. rhombicosporum、 Lyophyllum sg2、 Lyophyllum sp3、 and Lyophyllum sp..phylogenetic tree of genus Lyophyllum based on nrLSU sequence shows that:genus Lyophyllum of Yunnan is divided into two large clade, clade I divided into five small clade including L. cf. fumosum、 L. cf. shimeji、 Lyophyllum spl and Lyophyllum sp2。 Clade II divided into two small clade including L. sykosporum、 Lyophyllum sp3、 Lyophyllum sp4and Lyophyllum sp5.phylogenetic trees of genus Lyophyllum based on ITS combined with nrLSU sequence shows that Lyophyllum of Yunnan is divided into two large clades, clade I including A, B, C three parts and Clade II includinges D, E, these two parts.Combining morphological features and molecular data, we can summary the basis of all taxa for genus Lyophyllum from Yunnan, namely:Species with fruiting body clustered, stipe often bent, forming a total base of handle base divided into L. cf. fumosum; Species with bottom of the stipe jars enlarged, medulla mycelium to a thick asian grain between layers divided into L. shimeji; Species with turning black when injured, unique diamond-shaped spores divided into L. rhombicosporum; L0191, L0218, L0321, L1194, LI195belong to a separate species respectively because of their morphological variation, collectively known as the Lyophyllum sp., but they belong to which species require further research and analysis. Morphological characteristics and molecular data are basically agreeable.