| In order to save labor in the soil,water and fertilizer management,reduce production cost and improve the economic benefits during the production of walnut,3a"Lvling"walnut trees which were planted in Wangpo village,Pingshan County,Hebei Province were used as material,field investigation and laboratory analysis methods were used to study the effects of different soil management,different fertilization management and different irrigation management on soil physical and chemical properties,walnut yield and walnut quality.The labor and effect of different management model were compared to provide the theoretical basis for walnut labor-saving cultivation.The main results were as follows:(1)The labor cost in soil management of shrub mulching and straw mulching was1200 yuan/hm~2 and that of manure mulching and cloth mulching was 2400 yuan/hm~2,while that of clean tillage was 3600 yuan/hm~2.There was no labor cost in the natural grass mulching treatment.(2)In 0-20 cm soil layer,the soil bulk density of cloth mulching was 1.01 g/cm3,which was significantly lower than the other treatments.The total porosity of cloth mulching was 62.0%,which was significantly higher than other treatments.The maximum water capacity,capillary water and field water capacity values were 56.07%,54.75%and52.67%respectively,which were significantly higher than the other treatments.Organic matter content,total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content of natural grass mulching were significantly higher than those of other treatments and the total potassium content of shrub mulching was significantly higher than that of other treatments.(3)The fresh weeds weight of natural grass mulching was 747.47 g/m~2 and that of shrub mulching,straw mulching,manure mulching were 147.07 g/m~2,176.80 g/m~2 and181.87 g/m~2 respectively.There was no weed in cloth mulching treatment.The average number of weeds in natural grass mulching treatment was 60.50/m~2 and the numbers of weeds in other treatments were 21.00/m~2,25.3/m~2 and 26.17/m~2 respectively.Therefore,the mulching treatments could restrain weed growth significantly and the cloth mulching could restrain weed growth completely.(4)The walnut yields of the six soil management methods were 915 kg/hm~2,1005kg/hm~2,1035 kg/hm~2,990 kg/hm~2,2025 kg/hm~2 and 1155 kg//hm~2 respectively and that of natural grass mulching was significantly higher than the other treatments.The fat contents of each treatment were 56.89%,59.28%,62.37%,62.55%,66.40%and 67.63%respectively and those of natural grass mulching and clean tillage were significantly higher than that of the other treatments.The total protein contents of each treatment were 23.42%,23.37%,19.39%,17.80%,17.84%and 19.33%respectively and that of shrub mulching and straw mulching were higher than that of the other treatments.(5)The labour cost in fertilization of manure mulching was 600 yuan/hm~2 and that of ditch fertilization and ring fertilization was 2400 yuan/hm~2,while that of radial fertilization was 3000 yuan/hm~2.Therefore,manure mulching could save labor cost of fertilizing significantly.(6)The organic matter contents of manure mulching in 0-20 cm,20-40 cm,and 40-60cm soil layers were 21.38 g/kg,10.98 g/kg,and 10.32 g/kg respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the other fertilization methods.The total N,total P,and total K contents of manure mulching in the 0-20 cm soil layer were 0.26 g/kg,1.96 g/kg and 10.53 g/kg respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the other fertilization methods.However,there was no significant difference of the total N,total P,and total K contents among all fertilization methods in 40-60 cm soil layer.(7)The walnut yields of manure mulching,ditch fertilization,radial fertilization and ring fertilization were 1845 kg/hm~2,1245 kg//hm~2,1185 kg/hm~2 and 1200 kg/hm~2respectively and the fat contents were 66.63%,61.36%,58.34%and 56.18%,and the yield of manure mulching was very significantly higher than the other treatments,and fat content of manure mulching were significantly higher than the other treatments.The total protein contents were 17.84%,23.60%,22.08%and 23.22%respectively.The total protein content was significantly lower than other treatment.(8)The labor cost of the small tube flow irrigation was 240 yuan/hm~2,the labor cost for ditch irrigation was 1920 yuan/hm~2 and the labor cost for flood irrigation was 1200yuan/hm~2.The small tube flow irrigation could save labor cost significantly.(9)The soil water contents of the small tube flow irrigation on the 10th day and 20th day after irrigation were 20.10%and 19.20%,that of ditch irrigation was 25.43%and22.93%and that of flood irrigation was 29.80%and 27.03%.The water content of ditch irrigation and flood irrigation was higher than that of small tube flow irrigation,but the soil water content ranged quickly.(10)The walnut yields of the small tube flow irrigation,ditch irrigation and flood irrigation were 2070 kg/hm~2,1140 kg/hm~2,and 1050 kg/hm~2 respectively,the yield of the small tube flow irrigation was very significantly higher than the other treatments The fat contents of the three irrigation methods were 66.63%,56.02%and 56.72%respectively,and fat content of small tube flow irrigation was significantly higher than the other treatments.The total protein contents of the three irrigation methods were 17.84%,23.54%and 24.54%respectively,and the total protein content of the small tube flow irrigation was significantly lower other treatments.(11)The annual net income of natural grass mulching was 41070 yuan/hm~2,which was the highest in all the soil management methods.The annual net income of manure mulching was 36315 yuan/hm~2,which were the highest in all the fertilizing methods.The annual net income of the small tube flow irrigation was 43065 yuan/hm~2,which were the highest in all irrigation methods. |
