| The popularity of electric vehicles in cities has been increasing in recent years due to the promotion of low-carbon lifestyle.Under the time-of-use energy tariff(users are charged by electricity consumption),to cut down the electricity cost,electric vehicles are usually charged at night,when the electricity price is low,which causes new load peaks.Therefore,time-of-use energy tariff fails to realize the peak-shaving and valley-filling.In this paper,a new tariff,which is called the redistribution demand tariff,is adopted,under which users will cut the peak load down spontaneously to reduce electricity cost.Community-level demand response adopting storage and electric vehicles under the redistribution demand tariff has been studied in this paper.Three problems have been studied:(1)the economic feasibility of community-level demand response under the redistribution demand tariff;(2)the impact of community scale on the economic feasibility of community-level demand response under redistribution demand tariff;(3)the cooperative control strategy for and economic feasibility of residential storage and electric vehicles to provide community-level demand response under redistribution demand tariff.Based on the above problems,studies in this paper are as follows:(1)a practical redistribution demand tariff has been adopted in this paper.Under this tariff,a storage control strategy which is called time-of-use(TOU)demand limit strategy has been proposed and applied to the community with two storage configurations which are centralized storage and distributed storage.Total annual cost and demand profiles of community have been obtained through programming simulation in Python.The optimal design parameters of energy storage and control parameters have been obtained by adopting genetic algorithm.(2)The impact of community scale on household-averaged total annual cost has been studied and the minimum community scale to get the lowest household-averaged total annual cost has been obtained;the impact of energy storage conversion efficiency on total annual cost has also been studied.(3)A community-level energy system with electric vehicles has been studied,and a cooperative control strategy based on the priority for residential storage and electric vehicles to provide community-level demand response under redistribution demand tariff has been proposed;the impact of community scale and electric vehicle participation rate for demand response on the total annual cost has been studied.Results show that:(1)Under the redistribution demand tariff,by adopting the proposed TOU demand limit strategy,more than 41.1% of the total annual cost of the community can be reduced and the peak load can also be shaved;compared with the distributed storage,34.4% of the total annual cost of the community can be reduced by adopting the centralized storage,meanwhile,adopting the centralized storage can help make full use of the energy storage resources to avoid the problem of load fluctuation caused by the insufficient utilization of energy storage resources.(2)with the expansion of the community scale,the household-averaged total annual cost decreases at first,and then tends to be flat.400 households can be viewed as the smallest community scale to obtain the lowest household-averaged total annual cost.With the decrease of energy storage conversion efficiency,the total annual cost of the community rises.In order to ensure the economic feasibility of the proposed demand response strategy,the energy storage conversion efficiency should not be less than 0.3.(3)By adopting the proposed priority-based cooperative control strategy of energy storage and electric vehicles,the total annual cost of the community can be reduced and the load fluctuation caused by the long-term failure of energy storage,which means the storage can not be used to provide demand response,can be avoided,meanwhile,the dispatchable potential of the electric vehicle group can be increased,so the load rebound when the electric vehicles are about to leave can be avoided;with the increase of the participation rate of electric vehicles for demand response,the total annual cost decreased.By increasing 0.1 of the participation rate,the total annual cost of the community is reduced by 704.8 $. |
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