Development Of Hawthorn Powder And Its Compound Preparation With Lipid-lowering Function

Hawthorn is a plant in the genus Hawthorn of Rosaceae.It is often used as a therapeutic agent for hypertension,hyperlipidemia,indigestion,and angina pectoris in traditional Chinese medical systems because of its strong antioxidant activity,scavenging free radicals,inhibiting lipid peroxidation,and biological functions of digestion and stasis.In order to expand the scope of application of hawthorn fruit,promote its application in the healthcare industry,this study focused on the development of hawthorn powder,the desugarization,degumming of hawthorn extract.The main components and the effect of reducing blood lipids in vitro of hawthorn powder were identified and investigated.And hawthorn lozenge with hypolipidemic function was developed.The main content and research results are as follows:Firstly,in order to explore the types and contents of characteristic components in the hawthorn extract,and to understand the changes of the characteristic components before and after desulfurization by fermentation,five kinds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(KDLY-16,KDLY-6,Nuomeng,SC,Angel)were selected to ferment hawthorn extract by single strain.Total flavonoid,total phenol and total acid were determined by chemical methods before and after the fermentation of hawthorn stock solution.Changes of flavonoid and phenol species and contents were identified by Ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The results showed that after the fermentation of hawthorn extract,the total flavonoids and total acid content increased by1.216 g/L and 2.133 g/L,and the total phenol and total anthocyanin contents decreased by47.2%and 34.8%,respectively;Chlorogenic acid was the main flavonoid in the hawthorn extract,whose content was about 60%;The total flavonoid and its components of monomers have increased significantly after the fermentation of KDLY-16 and Angel respectively.Epicatechin and Anthocyanin were the main substances of phenol in the hawthorn extract,especially epicatechin,whose content was increased from 1 to 2.5 times after the fermentation of KDLY-16,SC and Angel respectively.On the contrary,the content of epicatechin decreased by 64.5%after the fermentation of Nuomeng;In general,the species of anthocyanin were reduced from 6 to 5 after fermentation,especially the Saccharomyces cerevisiae of Nuomeng,whose anthocyanin species were reduced to 4,and the content of its main specie of anthocyanin was dropped from 2.929 mg/L to 0.2mg/L.There was 0.3~0.6 mg/L Caffeic acid produced after the fermentation of five Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Secondly,the process of pectin enzymolysis was optimized by response surface experiment.Based on the pectin removal rate,the pectinase with the highest pectin removal rate was screened from four different kinds of commercial enzymes.On the basis of single-factor experiments,the response surface optimization was performed on the three factors of the amount of enzyme added,the time of hydrolysis,and the temperature of hydrolysis.The results showed that Pectinex YieldMASH pectinase with the highest galacturonase activity had the highest pectin removal rate,reaching 89.13%.The best enzymatic hydrolysis process of hawthorn pectin was obtained as follows:the amount of enzyme added was 240 U/L,the time of hydrolysis was 52 min and the enzymolysis temperature was 45?,and the actual removal rate of hawthorn pectin under this condition was 90.58%±0.228,which was close to the theoretically predicted value of 90.18%.Thirdly,in order to produce hawthorn instant powder by the method of spray-drying,the differences of the desugaring effect by glucose oxidase method,ion exchange method,alcohol precipitation method and fermentation method were studied.And the retention rates of different characteristic component,such as chlorogenic acid,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,and epicatechins were comprehensively evaluated.The results showed that the content of total sugar and reducing sugar in hawthorn extract were decreased after the treatment of different desugaring methods.Among them,the fermentation method had the highest removal rate of reducing sugar and total sugar,in which the removal rates of sugar were all above 80%after the fermentation of five Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The removal rate of reducing sugar and total sugar reached to 86.66%and 96.82%respectively after the fermentation of KDLY-16,which had the best sugar removal effect.Research on the retention rates showed that the fermentation method can increase the content of chlorogenic acid,proanthocyanidins,and epicatechins by 35.98%,5.42%,and 3.20%,respectively.A comparative study on the fermentation performance of five Saccharomyces cerevisiae found that the Nomenclature strain has the fastest fermentation speed,and the KDLY-16 strain has the slowest fermentation speed,but it has the best fermentation degree.Moreover,it has a better retention effect of the four characteristic components.All the Saccharomyces cerevisiae can reach to the end of fermentation after 120 h.Although KDLY-16 has a slow fermentation rate,its fermentation degree is significantly higher than the other four Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Therefore,KDLY-16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected for fermentation in this study.The fermentation conditions of KDLY-16Saccharomyces cerevisiae were further optimized.The results show that the optimal fermentation process of KDLY-16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is:the inoculation amount is5×10~6 CFU/ml,and the fermentation temperature is 25?.A better de-sugar effect could be achieved after fermentation for 120h under these conditions.Fourthly,the hawthorn red pigment was extracted from purple flesh hawthorn.The effects of factors such as liquid-to-material ratio,extractant pH,extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction of hawthorn red pigment were investigated.The specific parameters of liquid-to-material ratio,extractant pH and extraction temperature were further optimized by response surface experiments.The results showed that the optimal extraction process of hawthorn red pigment was as follows:liquid-to-material ratio with 15 ml/g,the extraction solution pH value with 2.0,the extraction temperature with 46?,and the extraction time with 50 min.Through this process,1.195 mg/g of hawthorn red pigment can be extracted.The verification test results showed that the average extraction amount of hawthorn red pigment was 1.189 mg/g,which was close to the predicted value.UPLC-MS/MS identification results showed that cyanidin and delphinium were the main components of hawthorn red pigment,whose content was76.17%and 18.98%in the total content of anthocyanin,respectively.In addition,cyanidin-3-galactosides and delphinium-3-glucoside were two monomeric anthocyanins with the highest content in purple flesh hawthorn,accounting for 63.86%and 15.58%of the total,respectively.Fifth,the dehydrated and degummed hawthorn extract was used as the raw material,with an appropriate amount of hawthorn red pigment acquired from chapter four added,producing hawthorn instant powder by spraying drying technology.The effect of the yield of hawthorn instant powder by different kind of drying aid and different amount of drying aid was investigated.Powder evaluation and vitro hypolipidemic evaluation were carried out for the hawthorn instant powder.Further more,the best formula of hawthorn lozenge was optimized by orthogonal method,based on hawthorn instant powder,and supplemented with white sugar,magnesium stearate,and sorbitol.The quality of hawthorn lozenge was evaluated.The results showed that the addition of drying agent maltodextrin can improve the yield of hawthorn instant powder effectively;When the amount of the drying agent reached to 2%,the yield of hawthorn instant powder reached to 49.67%;The results of powder evaluation showed that the Karl index and Hausner ratio of the hawthorn instant powder were 56%(>38%)and 2.287(>1.6),respectively.It was a viscous powder with poor fluidity,but it has a good solubility and dispersibility,which can be completely dispersed even dissolved within 70 s and 90 s.Vitro hypolipidemic results showed that the ability of bile salt binding by 0.2 g/ml hawthorn instant powder solution was between 74%and 88%,which was not significantly different from the cholestyramine positive control group;And the determination of IC50 value showed that the inhibitory effect of hawthorn instant powder solution was 0.117 g/ml.,which was higher than the positive control significantly.The single factor test results showed that the formula of hawthorn lozenge was 20%white granulated sugar powder,20%sorbitol and 1.2%magnesium stearate.Lozenge with smooth and complete appearance,delicate taste,moderate sourness and sweetness,and rich hawthorn flavor can be produced by this formula.