Urban-Rural Gradient Analysis Of Ecosystem Services Supply And Demand

Research on the balance of supply and demand of ecosystem services is a hot topic in ecosystem services research in recent years.Due to the spatial mismatch between most ecosystem services and human demands,ecosystem services are "deficient".Research on it from the supply and demand is significant to regional ecological security and sustainable socio-economic development.Urban-rural gradient is a special continuous interface formed by urbanization process;the urbanization process will bring a series of influence on the supply and demand of ecosystem services.With the acceleration of urbanization,increased population;changeable industrial structure;increased the intensity of socio-economical activities;and the intensified exploitation of natural resources have brought a series of impacts on ecosystem services and led to ecosystems imbalances.At the same time it affects ecosystems health and the supply and demand of ecosystem services.The water and soil erosion in the upper reach of the Fenhe River watershed is serious,and the form of industrial and agricultural water is severe.In recent years,due to the intensification of urbanization and unreasonable human activities,the demand for ecosystem services has been increasing,which has greatly affected the supply of ecosystem services,and the contradiction between supply and demand for ecosystem services is growing.Therefore,it is necessary to explore and analyze the supply and demand of ecosystem services in the region.This study provides a scientific basis for ecosystem service assessment,rational allocation of resources,and ecosystem management in fragile areas,and it also provides an example for regional sustainable development based on ecosystem services,and has important theoretical and practical value.The article takes the upper reach of the Fenhe River watershed as the study area.Based on the In VEST model,soil,vegetation,climate,remote sensing imagery,socio-economic statistic data,three ecosystem services,namely,the water supply,soil conservation,and water conservation in 2000 and 2008 were studied.In addition,we quantified the spatial pattern of ecosystem service supply and demand and its urban-rural gradient changes.Through the study,suggestions for regional ecosystem management and conservation were provided.The main results are as follows:In 2000,the water supply services in the study area roughly showed a pattern of high in the northwest and low in the southeast.In 2008,the water supply service in the study area showed a pattern of high in the north and low in the south.In general,the water supply services increased from 1.45×109m~3 in 2000 to 1.97×109m~3 in 2008.In 2000,the core supply area of water supply services in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River watershed was located in the south of Lanxian County and the west of Loufan County.In 2008,the core supply area of water supply services was located in Ningwu County and the northern part of Jingle County.From 2000 to 2008,the overall water demand in the study area has increased significantly.In 2000 and 2008,water supply services showed an increasing trend with increasing distance from urban areas.On the contrary,the demand value of water supply services showed a downward trend along the distance from urban areas with the highest in urban areas.In 2000,the soil conservation services in the northern and western parts of the study area were relatively high,and the central part was low.In 2008,except the high soil conservation services in the northern region,other regions were lower.In general,soil conservation services in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River watershed increased from 7.41×106t in 2000 to 8.69×106t in 2008.The core supply area of soil conservation services in 2000 is distributed in the counties of Lanxian,Loufan and Ningwu in the western and northern parts of the basin.In 2008,the core supply area of soil conservation services was mainly distributed in Ningwu County and northern part of Jingle County in the north of the basin.The demand of soil conservation services in 2000 and 2008 was 4.38×106t and 3.96×106t,respectively.In 2000 and 2008,the supply and demand of soil conservation services showed an increasing trend with the increase of distance from urban areas.In 2000,the water conservation services in the north and southeast of the study area were higher,while the western and central areas were lower.The spatial pattern of water conservation services in the study area in 2008 did not change significantly from that in 2000.In general,the total amount of water conservation services increased from 8.76×108m~3 in 2000 to 9.39×108m~3 in 2008.In 2000 and 2008,the water source conservation service supply area showed the same spatial pattern.The core supply areas were distributed in the east and north of the basin,i.e.,Yangqu County,Gujiao City and Ningwu County.The total demand of water conservation services in 2000 and 2008 was 4.89×106 m~3 and 12.46×106m~3,respectively.The supply and demand of water conservation services showed an opposite trend with the increase of distance from urban areas.The supply of water conservation services showed a trend of increasing with the increase of distance from urban areas,whereas,the demand of water conservation services showed a decreasing trend.In general,the supply and demand of soil conservation services in space in the upper reach of the Fenhe River watershed presents a balanced pattern,following the water conservation services supply and demand,and the last is the water supply services supply and demand.