| Since the 19th century,after more than one hundred years of adaptation,the Chinese-American has become a force that cannot be ignored in American society.The Chinese food that went to the United States along with the Chinese people finally achieved rooting in different places.According to "Report on the Labor Challenge of the Chinese Food Industry in the United States",there are more than 70,000 Chinese restaurants in the United States as of September 2018,which is more than the sum of Asian restaurants including Japanese,Korean.Thai,Vietnamese,and Indian.Whether in the gold rush period or the racist period,the food service industry has always been an important means for Chinese to make a living in the United States.In the 21st century,more than half of the 2 million Chinese people across America are engaged in the catering industry.According to the periodical characteristic of the development of Chinese food and the changing historical context of the Chinese-American society in the United States,this dissertation is mainly based on time as a clue and systematically sorts out the historical process,management characteristics,model changes,successful experiences and enlightenment of the development of Chinese food in the United States since the 19th century.Since the arrival of early immigrants from the southeast coast of China to California,Chinese food also arrived in the Western world along with the migrants.Due to the differences in the identity of Chinese,the management of early Chinese restaurants and the level of dishes are very different,but the restaurant business were mainly based on Cantonese cuisine.Under the influence of racial discrimination and cultural prejudice,most white Americans don’t evaluate Chinese food very much.Instead,they often make derogatory speech attacks.-Thereafter,as a result of the US to carry out anti-Chinese movement,Chinese food industry was subjected to violent impact.In order to maintain their livelihood,the Chinese people made a Western-style change in Chinese food,creating a popular dish of "Chop Suey".In addition to the catering industry,this dish also had a major effect in the American art field at the time.With the outbreak of World War Ⅱ and the revision of immigration policy,the immigration boom of China to the United States has led to the development of Chinese local cuisine in America.In the process of adapting to other ethnic eating habits,Chinese food has gradually evolved into a new "American Chinese cuisine"."General Tso’s Chicken" and"Fortune Cookie",two typical American Chinese cuisine,became the featured signs of Chinese restaurants and won the favor of the American people.By learning the Western catering business philosophy,Chinese food is gradually becoming standardization and stylization.As the two most famous chain brands in the United States,the P.F.Chang’s and Panda Express have grown in accordance with Western catering standards.With a series of Chinese cultural symbols,such as chopsticks,pandas and terracotta warriors,they helped Americans begin to understand the Chinese culture behind the food while enjoying dishes.The history of the development of Chinese food in the United States is also a history of the tortuous struggle of Chinese-American in the United States.The change from the Chinese Exclusion Act to the Immigration Act shows a change in the attitude of the American society towards the Chinese.These factors directly affect the emergence of Chinatown and the development philosophy and development direction of the Chinese catering industry.The systematic research on the development of Chinese food in the United States since the 19th century has important academic and practical significance for deepening the study of American Chinese history and providing reference for "Chinese Culture Going Out".The full text is divided into six chapters.The first chapter introduces the social background of Chinese immigration to the United States and the operating characteristics and remarks of early Chinese restaurants;The second chapter,with the clues of "chop suey",analyzes the background and process of its development after the promulgation of the Chinese Exclusion Act.At the same time,we also explore the reasons for the beginning of Chinese exclusionism and the intrinsic influence of the establishment of Chinatown on the development of Chinese food;The third chapter analyzes the impact of Chinese local cuisine brought by the new immigrants on the development of American Chinese and food after the introduction of Immigration and Nationality Act,Taking General Tso’s Chicken and Fortune cookies as an example,summed up the idea of Chinese creative fusion of Eastern and Western diet characteristics.The fourth chapter,with P.F.Chang’s and the Panda Express as the representative,introduces the successful experience of the current American Chinese restaurant.and explores the trend of the localization of Chinese food from the aspects of business model,food production and operation concept;In the conclusion chapter,according to the successful experience of Chinese food spread in the United States,it reveals the great potential of Sino-US cultural exchanges and integration,thereby strengthening the understanding of the people in the world on the characteristics of world civilization. |
