Extraction,chemical Composition And Biological Activity Of Essential Oil From Bitter Almond

Plant diseases and pests have significant impacts on the agriculture and resulted in inestimable loss.They have not only influenced the growth of crops,but also dramatically decreased the yield and the quality of agricultural products.Furthermore,many of the diseases and pests often produce mycotoxins harmful to the health of animals and human.Therefore,various fungicides and pesticides have been extensively used to protect plant growth in current agriculture.However,prolonged use of antifungal and insecticidal agents could lead to the emergence of a series of problems,such as the growing resistance of plants and pests,environmental problems,and residue toxicity.Thus,it is inevitable and urgent to develop new biocide with novel molecular framework and action mechanism.The aim of this study is to analyze the chemical constituents of essential oil from bitter almond(BAEO),and explore its antifungal and insecticidal activity.We hope this research could provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the development of new fungicides and pesticides.Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam,commonly named as wild apricot,belongs to the Armeniaca genus of the Rosaceae family.It is a perennial deciduous tree and mainly cultivated in Asia,Europe,and America.Bitter almond is the dried mature seeds of Prunus armeniaca L.,Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam.var.sibirica,Prunus sibirica L.and Prunus mandshurica(Maxim.)Koehne,and so forth.As a traditional oriental medicine,apricot seed exhibits a wide range of biological activities including antihyperlipidemia,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiasthmatic,analgesic,preventing heart disease,atherosclerotic etc.Consequently,it has been widely used to cure respiratory disorder(coughing,wheeze,asthma,emphysema,bronchitis)and skin diseases(acne vulgaris,dandruff,and furuncle).The major results of this research are listed below:1.After pressing the fatty oil form the dried powder of bitter almond,the residual which contains essential oil is often discarded as a waste.In order to make full use of the residual and alleviate environmental pollution,the essential oil was extracted from the powder residual in 5.36‰ yield.2.Chemical composition of BAEO was evaluated by GC-MS analysis.It includes 14 types of compounds representing 99.59% of the total fresh essential oil,and 21 types of compounds representing 99.90% of the total placed essential oil.3.The in vitro antifungal activity of BAEO against 19 plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated by the mycelium linear growth rate method.The results showed that BAEO could variously inhibited all tested pathogenic fungi.Among the tested fungi,the EC50 values of BAEO against Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria solani were only 50.2 and 103.2 ?g/mL,respectively,which were better than that of other fungi.The in vivo antifungal activity of BAEO against Gloeosporium Orbiculare and Blumeria graminis was tested by pot experiment.The results showed that the protective effect is better than the treatment effect and the control efficiency against G.Orbiculare is better than B.graminis.4.The fumigation activity and stomach toxicity of BAEO were investigated.The results showed that BAEO has strong fumigation activity against Musca domestica vicina,Aedes albopictus and Mythimna separata,stomach toxicity showed BEAO is better than positive control veratrine.