| Due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and toxicity,penta-,octa-,and deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers?PBDEs?are listed as persistent organic pollutants?POPs?by the Stockholm Convention and are gradually being phased out from the market.Novel brominated flame retardants?NBFRs?,dechlorane plus?DPs?and organophosphorus flame retardants?OPFRs?have been widely used as suitable alternatives in consumer products in recent years.Indoor environments with many flame retardant containing materials,where people spend considerable time,may act as sources of flame retardants.In addition,small space and reduced ventilation may cause the pollutants to accumulate in indoor environments,contributing to long-term exposure.In order to investigate the levels,spatial distribution and seasonal variations of PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs in indoor environment,samples including decoration materials,indoor air and dust were collected and analyzed during 2017to 2018.The sources and influencing factors of organic flame retardants in indoor environment were comprehensively discussed.Adult and infant exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion were assessed based on FR concentrations in building materials,indoor air and dust.PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs were analyzed in seven categories of building and decoration materials.Results showed the total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.06 to9530 ng/g,BDE209 was the most detected compound with the highest concentrations in almost all materials.Relatively high concentrations were detected in foam samples and PVC materials.The total concentrations of OPFRs ranged from 1.19 to 9530 ng/g,Relatively high concentrations of OPFRs were found in foam samples,followed by nonwoven wallpaper.Tris?1-chloro-2-propyl?phosphate and tris?1,3-dichloro-2-propyl?phosphate were the most detected halogenated OPFRs,while tri-n-butyl phosphate and tris?2-butoxyethyl?phosphate were the dominant nonhalogenated OPFRs.Most of the analyzed materials showed relatively low concentrations of NBFRs?<92.8 ng/g?and DPs?<5.21 ng/g?,with the exception of a socket panel?773 ng/g?.Low concentrations were found mostly in wall decoration powders,suggesting that no FRs had been added to these powders.PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs in a total of 100 air samples from 5 different types of indoor environment and 3 outdoors were measured.Results showed the total concentrations of PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs in the indoor environment were 743-345000 pg/m3,N.D.-15500 pg/m3,N.D.-29.6 pg/m3 and 1.01-103 ng/m3,respectively,which were higher than those in the outdoor air.BDE209,anti-DP and TCIPP were the dominant PBDE,DP and OPFR congeners,respectively.DBDPE,BEH-TEBP and PBT were the dominant NBFRs.The spatial distribution patterns of these flame retardants were inconsistent with each other,the highest NBFR concentrations were discovered in the air of computer room,while the highest OPFR concentrations were discovered in home air.The concentrations of PBDEs and DPs in different types of indoor environment did not have obvious difference.Seasonal variations were significant for PBDEs and NBFRs.Total PBDEs and NBFRs levels were higher in spring than in the other three seasons,while the OPFRs levels in home air were highest in winter.PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs in a total of 60 dust samples from several different types of indoor environment and 2 outdoors were measured.Results showed the total concentrations of PBDEs,NBFRs,DPs and OPFRs in indoor environment were 307-25100ng/g,37.7-22300 ng/g,2.08-325 ng/g and 0.814-188?g/g,respectively,which were generally higher than those in the outdoor dust,except the concentration of OPFRs in the dust outside home in the non-heating season.BDE209,anti-DP and DBDPE were the dominant PBDE,DP and NBFR congeners,respectively.TCIPP was the dominant OPFRs in most samples.Higher PBDEs concentrations were discovered in the air of theater,while higher NBFRs concentrations were discovered the computer-room air.Relatively higher OPFRs concentrations were found in the air of theater,furniture mall and garage.Relatively higher DPs concentrations were found in the air of computer room,theater and shopping mall.Seasonal variations were not significant for FRs in dust except NBFRs,whose levels were higher in the heating season than those in the non-heating season.The estimated PBDE concentrations in air based on material concentration and emission rate were 24.5 ng/m3,which was comparable with those detected in the real air samples;while the estimated concentration of BDE209 in dust was 327 ng/g,which was at the lower end of measured value.Adult and infant exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion were assessed based on FRs concentration in indoor air and dust.The estimated exposures to?8PBDEs and?10OPFRs via inhalation for infants were 5560-90700 pg/?kg bw d?and4690-13200 pg/?kg bw d?,respectively,which were 2-and 3-fold higher than those for adult.The estimated exposures to?10OPFRs via dust ingestion for infants in the heating season?53.3 ng/?kg bw d??were 3-fold higher than that for adult,while the difference was slight in the non-heating season.Dust ingestion was a significant pathway of human exposures of?10OPFRs,?7NBFRs and?2DPs,while inhalation was the main pathway of human exposure of?8PBDEs. |
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