Taxonomy And Phylogeny Of Phalangiidae And Sclerosmatidae From China

Opiliones belong to the phylum Arthroppoda subphylum Chelicerata and class Arachnida.Its systematics has been one of the most controversial academic issues in the animal world.Phalangiidae belong to the group Eupnoi of Opiliones,with 24 species of 10 genera and three subfamilies in China.They are widely distributed in north China.Sclerosomatidae also belong to Arachnida,Opiliones,and Eupnoi,with65 species of 16 genera and three subfamilies known in China.They are widely distributed in southern China.This study involved 24 species of 10 genera,and three subfamilies of Phalangiidae,and 82 species of 27 genera of three subfamilies of Sclerosomatidae from China.In total,11 newly recorded genera and 17 newly recorded species are reported in this study.Newly recorded genera include Paradentobunus Roewer,1915,Gagrellina Roewer,1913,Heterogagrella Roewer,1954,Chasenella Roewer,1933,Melanopula Roewer,1929,Melanopella Roewer,1931,Palniella Roewer,1929,Chebabius Roewer,1935,Padangrella Roewer,1954,Hypogrella Roewer,1955 and Gagrellenna Roewer,1929.New recordly species include Gagrella vulcanica Thorell,1894,Paradentobunus aureomaculatus Roewer,1915,Gagrellula melanotarsus Roewer,1911,Gagrellina vestita Roewer,1923,Heterogagrella indica Roewer,1954,Chasenella luma Roewer,1933,Melanopula shanensis Roewer,1955,Melanopula insularis Roewer,1931,Melanopella feuerborni Roewer,1931,Melanopella marginata Roewer,1955,Palniella virididorsata Roewer,1929,Chebabius angulatus Roewer,1935,Padangrella jacobsoni Roewer,1954,Eugagrella argentata Roewer,1954,Eugagrella cuernosa Roewer,1954,Hypogrella poecilis Roewer,1955 and Gagrellenna bipunctata Roewer,1929.The paper includes 52 detailed morphological figure plates.In this paper,morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogenetic methods are used to study the two families.Morphological taxonomies examine the morphological characteristics of the specimen in detail,and cite the literature of riello andgeographical distribution.According to the original literature,the unexamined specimens arrange the morphological description and list the preservation place of the type specimens.It also prepare a key list of subfamilies,genera and species.In terms of phylogeny,16 S rDNA,CO?,28 S rDNA,18 S rDNA and 12 S rDNA fragments were amplified by PCR from the genome of Opiliones,and then sequenced and analyzed.PhyloSuite software was used to construct ML trees and BI trees for phylogenetic analysis to determine the phylogenetic relationships among genera and species at the family level within the family.In this study,the phylogenetic trees based on the concatenated data of CO?,28 S,18S,16 S and 12 S support the not monophyletic of the subfamilies of Gagrellinae and Leiobuninae.At the same time,it is speculated that geographical isolation plays an important role in species differentiation of Gagrella.