Taxonomy Of The Amanita Spissacea Complex In China

Amanita is a large genus worldwidely distributed.At present,over 650 species of Amanita have been described and recognized.Many Amanita species were edible,meanwhile,a lot of other species were poisonous or even lethal.Most species of Amanita sect.Caesareae are deliscious and famous edible mushrooms,some species from sect.Phalloideae are lethal as they contain amanitins which can lead acres liver failure,a lot of species of sect.Amanita can causue neuropsychiatric poisoning and several species from sect.Roanokenses could result acurte kidney failure.Amanita citrina,A.flavipes,A.fritillaria,A.sepiacea and A.spissacea from sect.Validae were also recorded as poisonous.While their toxins and intoxication mechanism are not well known.Previously studies revealed a high species richness of Amanita sect.Validae.Species of the Amanita spissacea complex are characterized by their globose,subglobose,fusiform to ventricose stipe base,white,gray,gray-brown,brown or black and lacking yellow tinge volval remnants on pileus,and their basidioma lacking obviously red tinge and context color unchanged when injured.As morphological similarities,species of the Amanita spissacea complex often mis-identified.At the same time,many sequences submitted to Genbank labled Amanita spissacea are obviously inacurtely identified,making greater confusion of Amanita spissacea.Based on morphological and phylogentic analyses,222 specimens from eight Chinese provinces of the Amanita spissacea complex were carefully studied.Morphological characters of Amanita spissacea were comfiremed and dilimitations between related species were divided.Seven taxa(five species and two forms)from the Amanita spissacea complex in China were identified,Amanita fritillaria f.fritillaria,A.fritillaria f.malayensis,A.innatifibrilla,A.lacerosquamosa,A.parvifritillaria,A.sepiacea,and A.spissacea.Amanita lacerosquamosa is a new species discired from Southwestern China.Two morphological similar species were also discovered from China,as the poor conditions of the studied speciemens,they were treated as unresolved species for the time being.Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS-MS)methods were used for five peptide toxins(?-,?-,?-amanitin,PHD and PCD)and muscarine detection of nineteen species(including undiscrieded species)from sect.Validae in China,and none toxins were discovered.