The Research Of The Distribution And Avoiding Effect Of Four Types Of Ungulates Along The Qinghai-Tibet Highway And The Railway

The research in the Qinghai-Tibet Highway between Kunlunshankou(K2900)and Wudaoliang(K3009)section which is approximately 110 km studied about the distribution and avoiding effect of four types of ungulates(Tibetan antelopes,Tibetan gazelle,Kiang,Wild Yak)along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH)and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR)in May,August and December from 2014 to 2016.The study interval is divided into 11 sections with a length of 10 km to statistic the types and population of ungulates in each section in order to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of four types of ungulates by comparing the numbers of different ungulates in different sections.May and August is defined as migrating period,December is defined as non-migration period according to the migration time of the Tibetan antelope.Based on the comparison of the populations of the four ungulates in the migrating period and the non-migrating period,the time distribution characteristics of the four species in different road intervals were analyzed.The side of QTH with no railway path is defined as The Road Side(RS),and the QTH side with railway is defined as The Highway-Railway Intermediate Zone(HRIZ).According to the number of four types of ungulates in the RS and HRIZ,the selection of different spatial locations of different animals was determined according to the difference of results in each type of ungulate.The intraspecific and inter-species comparison revealed the level of avoiding effect by the distance of avoidance to the QTH and QTR of four types of ungulates.Analyzing the frequency of ungulates' activities on road with different gap to obtain the influence of road spacing and the grade of influence on the four types of ungulates which are in the HRIZ.The results of research are as follows:1.The spatial distribution of the species and population of ungulates: there were 9687 ungulates recorded.There were 7150 Tibetan antelopes were taking 73.8% of the total;Kiang were 1168 with the percentage of 12%;Tibetan gazelle were 949,9.8% of total;and the rest 4.4% were 425 of Wild Yak,.The difference in the numbers of animals is significant(P<0.01).The number of Tibetan antelopes is much more than other three species(P<0.01)while the difference in the numbers of other three ungulates is not.The Tibetan antelopes are mainly distributed in the region of k2970-k3009 with a percentage 72.90% of the total number of this species;The Tibetan gazelle are mainly distributed in three regions: K2920-K2939,K2950-K2959,K2990-K2999,with the ratio of 57.11% of the total;The Kiang are mainly distributed in K2920-K2969,60.96% of the whole species;Wild Yak are mainly distributed in K2910-K2939 and K2950-K2959,84.24% of the all.2.The time distribution characteristics of the number of four types of ungulates: the number of four ungulates in non-migrating periods is more than migranting periods.The number of Tibetan antelopes in K2970-K2979,Tibetangazelle in K3000-K3009,Wild Yak in K2900-K2909 and K2920-K2959,Kiang in K2920-K2939,is significantly higher than the migrating period(P<0.05).3.The selection of four types of ungulates on the relationship between road and railway space: the numbers of four types of ungulates in the RS are all higher than in HRIZ.The distribution of the numbers of Tibetan antelopes in the RS and HRIZ are significantly different(P<0.01).Wild Yak has a significant difference(P<0.05)while Tibetan gazelle and Kiang has not(P>0.05).4.The avoiding distance of four types of ungulates to the QTH: the order of avoiding distance from ‘long' to ‘short' is: Wild Yak(974.2 ± 169.87m),Kiang(528.83 ± 102.57m),Tibetan antelope(298.54±54.44m)Tibetan gazelle(180.46±19.38m).The avoiding distance of four types of ungulates are significantly different(P<0.01).Comparing between each two types of ungulates,the avoiding distance of Wild Yak has a great difference to the other three types of ungulates(P<0.01)while the other three types have no significant differences between each other(P>0.05).In comparison,Wild Yak shows higher avoidance effect of the QTH than others.5.The avoiding distance of four types of ungulates to the QTR: the order of avoiding distance from ‘long' to ‘short' is: Wild Yak(721.16 ± 135.55m),Tibetan gazelle(581.96 ±118.81m),Tibetan antelope(463.54±55.64m),Kiang(459.86±335.78m).There's no significant difference in the avoiding distance to the QTR of the four types of ungulates.Comparing in each two ungulates found that there is no significant difference in all of them.The effect of avoidance of four ungulates is almost similar.6.The difference of four types of ungulates avoiding effect to the QTH and QTR: according to compared each ungulate avoiding distance to the QTH and QTR.The avoiding distance to the QTH and QTR of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle are significant different(P<0.05).Wild Yak and Kiang are no significant different(P>0.05).It is showed that Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle have a higher effect of avoidance to the QTR than QTH.Wild Yak and Kiang avoiding effect to the QTR is almost similar to QTH.7.The effect of the distance between the QTH and QTR to the four types of ungulates' activities: in the HRIZ,the frequency of Tibetan antelope activites is 101,Tibetan gazelle 101,Kiang 50,Wild Yak 36.The mean distance between the QTH and QTR of four types of ungulates mainly activities in the order of near to far: Tibetan antelope 579.07±615.83 m,Tibetan gazelle 600.51±568.28 m,Kiang 867.42±692.82 m,Wild Yak 1134.82±852.81 m.It is highly significant difference in four ungulates(P<0.01).According to compare each two ungulates,Wild Yak activities in the different spacing distance between the QTH and QTR is highly significant different with Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle(P<0.01)except Kiang(P>0.05).Wild Yak needs more spacing distance than others.8.The effected grade range of the change of QTH and QTR spacing distance to four types of ungulates' activities: 150 m is minimum gap distance that the four types of ungulates appear at the same time.The ungulates' active frequency when the gap distance is within 150 m has no significant difference compared to when the distance is at the range of 151~3000m.Thus obtained the first graded range is 0~150m,the second graded range is 151~3000m.