| Nanomaterials are widely used in many research fields including nanomedicine.Compared with traditional materials,nanomaterials have some distinguished physical and chemical properties,which are beneficial for their applications in drug delivery,gene therapy and so on.Transmembrane penetration of nanoparticles(NPs)promises an effective pathway for cargo delivery into cells,and offers the possibility of organelle-specific targeting for biomedical applications.However,a full understanding of the underlying NP-membrane interaction mechanism is still lacking,The influence of nanoparticles on each other and the factors that facilitate the penetration of film are not clear.In this work,the membrane penetration behavior of NPs with different surface properties are statistically analyzed based on the simulations of over 2.2,which are performed with dissipative particle dynamics(DPD).Influences from multiple factors including the NP concentration,shape and surface chemistry are taken into account.It is interesting to find that,the introduction of a partner NP would greatly facilitate the transmembrane penetration of a host spherical NP.This is probably due to the membrane-mediated cooperation between NPs.Moreover,proper selection of the partner NP with specific surface chemistry is of great significance.Our results are helpful for a better understanding of the complicated Nano–Bio interfacial processes,and offer a practical guide to the NP-based drug delivery strategy with high efficiency. |
