A Preliminary Study On The Business Geography Of The Tujia Area During The Late Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of China

Most of the Tujia area is located at the junction of Hunan,Hubei,Chongqing and Guizhou provinces,which located in the Wuling Mountain area.It is one of the "poverty areas" in China.In the history of the Tujia area mostly for the Tusi area,its economic development is also backward.At present,the academic circles pay less attention to the economic development of the Tujia area during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.This paper attempts to study the commercial geography of the Tujia area in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China with the theory and method of historical commercial geography.In this paper,its prosperity of mountainous area,ethnic minority areas and economically underdeveloped areas in the Tujia area at the junction of Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan and Guizhou provinces is not the same as the most of the historical commercial geography Has published.this paper attempts to explore the commercial geography of the region during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,hoping to enrich the study of historical commercial geography,but also to study of the Tujia area.This paper begin with an analysis of the natural environment and human environment from the environment of Tujia nationality development in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.In the natural environment,the Tujia area is in the Wuling Mountain area,the terrain is mainly mountainous.The climate is subtropical monsoon humid climate,suitable for the growth of a variety of animals and plants,and mineral resources are also very rich,which is Tujia ethnic economic development favorable side.But the mountain terrain to Tujia area,coupled with traffic congestion,are not suitable for the development of commodity economy.In the humanities environment,Tujia area expriences political changes,population development and ethnic diversity in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the local economic development level is very low.People pay more attention to farming do not advocate business,together with bandits often landed,Commodity economic development is very unfavorable.The second chapter discusses the geographical distribution of goods.In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Tujia area's goods can be divided into export commodities and imported goods,the output of goods are tung oil,gallons,tea,raw lacquer mainly goods,imports are mainly cotton,Matches and other handicraft products and modern industrial products.Agricultural products to opium and other economic crops higher commodity rate,widely distributed in the Tujia area.Forest products are bulk export commodities in Tujia area,in which tung oil is mainly distributed in the southeastern Sichuan and Xiangxi regions,the gallons are mainly in the northeastern part of Guizhou and Xiangxi,and the lacquer is mainly distributed inthe western Hubei,the southeastern Sichuan and the Northeast of Guizhou,tea is mainly distributed in the western Hubei.The third chapter focuses on the traffic and business road of the Tujia area in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.During the period of the Republic of China,the traffic in the Tujia area developed,the construction of modern roads and the improvement of important river courses all promoted the regional trade.During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the Tujia area constituted a traffic network which was intertwined by land and waterways.It formed a commodity transportation network system.In this network,the Youshui,Wujiang and Qingjiang and the Chuanyan Avenue in western Hubei,the roads between western Hubei and western Hunan,Chuanxiang Highway and its basic route,are all important important business road in the the Tujia area.In general,the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Tujia area traffic conditions are very backward,which is an important factor restricting the development of regional commodity economy.The fourth chapter focuses on the commercial market of the Tujia area.The distribution of urban commercial centers is discussed firstly.The influence of urban commercial centers in the Tujia area is limited.,and the surrounding areas are distributed in Wanxian,Fuling,Yichang,Yuanling and Changde,which absorb and release the goods From around of the Tujia area.The second part explores the township market in the Tujia area.Due to the influence of traffic,especially the traffic of water transport,there are large towns such as Longtan,Gongtan,Qiqiu,and so on,the commercial status of some towns is even higher than that of the county city.Finally,through the restoration of the geographical distribution of the rural market in the Tujia area,it is found that the general trend of the rural market in the Tujia area during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is to develop forward,mainly for the increase of the number of markets and the expansion of the market scale.Its regional differences in the performance of the southeastern Sichuan and the western Hunan shared a rapid development,the western Hubei and northeastern Guizhou slightly slow.The fifth chapter discusses the distribution of businessmen and business organizations in the Tujia area.Tujia area people do not advocate business,and businessmen in this area mostly from Guangdong,Fujian,Jiangxi,Hunan,Hubei and other places.In western Hunan,businessmen mostly from Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong and Changde,Mainly engaged in tung oil,paint,cotton,cloth goods,opium and so on.In western Hunan,businessmen mostly from Jiangxi,Guangdong,Hunan and southern Hubei and other places,mainly engaged in hemp,tung oil,paint,department stores and opium trade.The businessmen in the southeastern Sichuan mainly from From Jiangxi,Fujian,Hubei and the south of Hunan,mainly engaged in tung oil,raw lacquer,food,cotton,cloth goods,salt,indigo and other trade.In northeastern Guizhou,businessmen are more from Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan,Fujian,Shaanxi and Jiangxi,Mainly engaged in yarn,tung oil,Chinese medicine,salt,opium and mercury and other goods.During the period of the Republic of China,a large number of businessmen poured into the Tujia area,and the geographical distribution of businessmen became smaller.Chamber of Commerce and other business organizations in the Tujia area set up and produced a big differencea,the southeastern and western Hubei set earlier,Xiangxi area later,the northeastern Guizhou is far later than the above,which reflect the imbalance of regional business development in Tujia area.The number of chambers of commerce is also different,Yongshun,Longshan,Cili,Qiancheng,Luxi county in Xiangxi area,Xuanen,Changyang in western Hubei,Youyang,Shizhu in the southeastern Sichuan,the number of Chamber is more than 1.Chamber of Commerce also set in some important towns,which reflects the prosperity of these towns and the trend of businessmen gathered to the relevant town.