Karyotype-edge Studies Of Common Word Family Members

In recent years, especially the prototype theory of cognitive linguistics has become a new hot spot in the study of linguistics. More and more linguists have been actively involved in the trend of prototype theory. Prototype theory was first proposed by American psychologist Rosch and quickly applied to various fields of linguistics research. This research first traces back to the development of Rosch prototype theory. In 1970s, Rosch proposed the color category is not arbitrary, there are a series of special perception-the focus of cognitive color. Then the prototype theory is extended to the prototype shape and the prototype of the living organisms. However, the prototype theory of Rosch is mainly based on the field of psychology, and lack the linguistic perspective. In this study, we mainly analyze the gradient of the common category members from the perspective of word group.This study mainly uses the five degree of the category members which put forward by Li Baojia (2014) to analysis the relationship of category members. "Five degree analysis" will divide the the members of the word family into five levels: karyotype members, typical members, general members, members of the edge, the generalization of members. The karyotype is in the center of word family which is the starting point of the formation of other word family. Based on five degree of word family members, we will analysis semantic feature for each family member. Then we find that there are kinds of Evolution of family members:Word family generalization, Word family mutation.The main part of this research is mainly for gradient analysis on common category members. The first part is the analysis of biological gradient nouns. The biological noun is divided into animal and plants:animal nouns, we take "fish", "bird" and "cattle" as an example; plant nouns, we list the "flower", "leaves". The second part is the gradient analysis of daily article noun. Daily activities is divided into traffic tools and daily necessities. traffic tools, we selected the "car", "ship"; daily necessities mainly take "bag", "light", "umbrella" for example. The third part is the gradient analysis of daily action. We elected action and psychological action as an example. Action take "laugh", "run" as an example; psychological action take "think", "fear" as an example.In the analysis process, we found that there are one or fewbasic characteristics for all the members of category.For example, "All the members of light consists the basic characteristics [emitting], All the members of "package" consists the basic characteristics [up]. The prototype theory of Rosch is based on the objection of necessary and sufficient conditions which is put forward by Aristotle. Through the analysis this study finds that there are one or several basic characteristics for all the members of category, while the basic characteristics constitute the necessary conditions of this category.This research is the gain of prototype theory, which opened up new field of vision. The biggest defect of prototype theory is the ignorance of historical principle, which put all the phenomenon of language on the synchronic level. It is inappropriate. We find the same word family members according to different category. The word family members will be divided into five grades according the relationship between family members and karyotype. The we will find the necessary condition of each word family.