Security Analysis And Design Of Arbitration Quantum Signature Protocol

As we know,as a branch of quantum cryptography,quantum signature plays an important role.It provides a potential application for quantum authentication or quantum system access control with the current technology.The classical cryptography protocols based on some difficult math problems are insecure in quantum environment which can be solved with quantum algorithms.The quantum signature applies the principles of quantum mechanics to design cryptography protocols.Therefore,arbitration quantum signature(AQS),as the basic idea of quantum signature protocol design and analysis,has received extensive attention.With the development of arbitrated quantum signature,some arbitrated quantum signature(AQS)protocols have been presented with different quantum encryptions.In this paper,some security loopholes during the previous AQS protocols are proposed.Furthermore,some potential improved ideas are discussed.Moreover,an offline arbitrated quantum blind dual-signature protocol will be designed.The main work of this paper is as follows:In the design of specific AQS protocols,the security of two arbitrated quantum signature protocols is analyzed.In this paper,some security loopholes during the two AQS protocols are proposed.In the enhanced arbitrated quantum signature protocol,though the signer is not able to deny his signature,the receiver can still forge some valid signatures.In the chaos-based arbitrated quantum signature protocol,the receiver can forge a valid signature without being caught,and the signer can also deny her signature after the signing phase.Moreover,some potential improved ideas are discussed.Finally,we point out that both the necessary steps and encryption algorithms should be considered in further study of AQS.In the improvement of specific AQS protocols,a new quantum encryption based on the key-controlled chained CNOT operations,which is named KCCC encryption,is proposed.With the KCCC encryption,an improved arbitrated quantum signature(AQS)protocol is presented.Compared with the existing protocols,our protocol can effectively prevent forgery attacks and disavowal attacks.Meanwhile,our AQS protocol can be more easily implemented,because only single state is required.Hence,compared to some famous AQS protocols,the proposed protocol is more efficient and more practical.Furthermore,we pointed out quantum one-time pad(QOTP)cannot be applied into AQS to make it secure.In the design of offline arbitrated quantum signature protocols(OAQS),we present an offline arbitrated quantum blind dual-signature protocol by using fourparticle entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger(GHZ)states.In our protocol,the authority of the arbitrator has been reduced,i.e.,he will not help the receiver verify the signature in the verification.Compared with the previous quantum blind signature protocols,the presented arbitrator is offline.Furthermore,the security of one quantum signature protocol without arbitrator is analyzed.We point out the receiver can forge a signature without being detected in their protocol.Finally,the security analysis and discussion are proposed.