Study On The Technology Of Pottery Unearthed In The Middle And Lower Reaches Of Huaihe River Between 7000 And 5000 Years Ago

For a long time,archaeological circles in China have only divided archaeological culture in hinterland of China into two major systems,namely,Reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River Basin,and at the same time they have also divided Huaihe River Basin which is located between Yellow River and Yangtze River into sea independently.North of Huaihe River belongs to Reaches of Yellow River,and south of Huaihe River to Yangtze River Basin.In terms of topography,Huaihe River Basin is bounded by Yellow Sea in east,Tongbai Mountain and Funiu Mountain in west,and Dabie Mountain,Jianghuai Hill,Tongyang Canal and South Embankment in Rutai Canal as well as Yangtze River in south,and Reaches of Yellow River in south of Beiping Yellow River and Mount Tai.Topography of three sides surrounding mountains and one side of sea makes Huaihe River basin an independent regional unit.From cultural point of view,after founding of New China,a series of important archaeological discoveries appeared in various parts of Huaihe River basin,and a large amount of data were accumulated.According to these data,archaeologists such as Gao Guangren,Shao Wangping and others began to study this,and found that there is a relatively independent prehistoric cultural system in Huaihe River basin,which is in the same situation as Yellow River culture and Yangtze River cultural system.With publication of archaeological data,development of Neolithic culture in Jianghuai area has become clear,and academic circles have shown great interest in chronological analysis and comparative study of various cultures in this area.In this paper,pottery unearthed from main sites in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River during period of 7000-5000 years is taken as research object.Lithofacies,material facies,elemental composition,sintering temperature and so on are analyzed and examinedby using three dimensional system of hyperfield,X-ray diffractometer,Raman spectrometer,X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,thermal expansion instrument,scanning electron microscope etc.,.On basis of this,characteristics of raw materials,manufacturing process and producing area are discussed in order to provide more scientific basis for archaeological research in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River.Main results are as follows:(1)Large particles of ore debris and lithic debris are rarely found in substrate of samples,which indicates that pottery has been generally washed when making pottery in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River during period of 7000-5000 years.(2)According to experiments,mixing and mixing materials in various sites and pottery sites in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River are much more,and all of them are presumed to be artificial admixtures.According to types of mixing and mixing materials,mixing and pottery in this area can be divided into sand,clam and mica ceramics in general.Among them clam pottery is dense pottery.(3)raw materials contained in pottery from different sites in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River are basically the same,so it can be inferred that ecological environment of middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River is basically similar during period of 7000-5000 years.(4)According to widespread existence of calcite in clam pottery and analysis results of thermal expansion instrument,it is preliminarily speculated that firing temperature of pottery in Houjiazhai ruin basin in this period is 800-850 ?,and highest temperature is not more than 900 ?.(5)Middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River in Neolithic Age were hematite,and black color was carbon black.Local color pottery technology has been relatively mature,red and black color in color pottery are the most common through identification of red ancient painted pottery.(6)Black pottery of Wanbei site was fired by charring technology,indicating that ancient ancestors in middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River had mastered Carburizing process during period of 7000-5000 years.