| Ancient imperial examination has a prominent feature,which is its political tendencies.Therefore,when the imperial examination and family are combined,the result is the formation of official or cultural family.Being served as officials could allow families to exercise temporal power and additionally,while the academic research could make families obtain the long-range historical influence.It is generally believed that the imperial-examination family should firstly cultivate Ju Ren,the successful candidate at the provincial stage of imperial examination,Jin Shi,the successful candidate at the highest stage of exam,and then the official;secondly have academic contributions and literature left.By doing so,the family can be given attention and research by the future generations.Otherwise,a few poems are bound to be forgotten by history.I choose the imperial-examination families in Yongchang City,Yunnan,in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and Zhang Han as case research emphasis not only because of the relatively abundant existing literary resources but also,more importantly,due to his record of “7 failures in the imperial-examination”.For the convenience of reading,the main point of the full text is described as follows based on the sequence of each chapter.The first chapter is the outline about the implementation of imperial examination system in Yunnan.The contents of the discussion mainly include two aspects.The first is to briefly introduce the commencement and termination of imperial examination system in Yunnan,and the second is to clarify the number of Ju Ren,Jin Shi and imperial-examination families in the places across Yunnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The second chapter mentions that imperial-examination family was first proposed by Mr.Zhang Jie in the book Imperial-examination Family in Qing Dynasty.He thought imperial-examination family refers to the one that lived together from generation to generation,enjoyed a significant impact on country or region,and had a number of members engaged in the imperial examination who at least were awarded the titles of Ju Ren,tribute student and above.This concept was fully affirmed by Mr.Dai Yi,but there were some disagreements.Fang Fang pointed out that it was partial to define the family by whether they lived together,the degree of emotional recognition between members of the family should be fully concerned,and thus imperial-examination family refers to the one that had a strong sense of identity between the members,and had a number of members engaged in the exam who at least were awarded the titles of Ju Ren,tribute student and above.This paper applies the “imperial-examination family”concept of Zhang when describing the imperial-examination family group in Baoshan of Yunnan in Ming and Qing dynasties,which referred to that a relatively strong blood receptivity existed among family members in principle and at least two persons obtained Ju Ren or Jin Shi honors,and additionally there were at least ten relatively influential families in Yongchang City,Yunnan of Ming and Qing dynasties.The third chapter is the outline about the official family Zhang and cultural prominent familyYuan.The fourth chapter mainly studies the representative personage of Zhang imperial-examination family of Yongchang City.Zhang Han was born in an “officials for hundred years” family and all his father and brothers were Jin Shi.Zhang Han got the first place in Provincial Examination of Yunnan in 1507,yet refused to become an official finally because he was unable to pass examinations repeatedly afterwards,returned to the hometown and finished his life by chanting poems.For his learning,Li Mengyang was his teacher for his imperial examination.Zhang Han's poem could be divided into two paragraphs according to time with leaving capital and going home as boundary.From literary proposition,he inherited his teacher Li Mengyang's opinion of“Writing articles should imitate styles during Qin and Han dynasties and versifying should comply with the scene during Tang dynasty” in the earlier stage;and created many new works rather than persisting in restoring ancient ways in the later period.Generally speaking,praising highly classic elegance and emphasizing brilliant expression of emotions earlier and keeping deep social consciousness later,to write from personal frustrations and disappointment to the historical facts of Yunnan,it could be said to have a long standing reputation,which represented Zhang Han's biggest achievement... |
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