Research On Judicial System Rise And Fall Of Qiren In Qing Dynasty

The Eight Banners System in the Qing dynasty is a system created by Nuerhachi.It’s a combination of military and political systems and it acts as the most fundamental political system of Houjin.Centering around the Eight Banners System,a judicial system that is full of characteristics of Manchu is created in the development of Houjin,including the "Three Review System".In 1631,Huangtaiji set up the Ministry of Punishments which handled criminal cases.This marks a big step forward of judicial system of Houjin.Since the entry of the Manchus,the function of the Eight Banners shifted to garrison.In order to reduce ethnic conflicts,rulers adopted a binary judicial system that has different standards for the Eight Banners and the Han people.This policy has apparently given legal privileges to the Eight Banners.After mid-Qing,Manchu and Han ethnicity gradually integrated with each other.In order to eliminate the differences between Manchu and Han ethnicity,the rulers of Qing dynasty adopted many various judicial policies.Due to the degrading livelihood and the increasing criminal acts of the Manchu,the Eight Banners system gradually declined.Judicial reform in late-Qing Dynasty aborted the judicial system of Qiren.The purpose of this thesis is to review the development of the judicial system of Qing dynasty in order to draw inspiration from its characteristics and patterns to enlighten judicial reform of today’s China.