The Ritural Concepts And Confusion Of Shandong Scholars In Ming And Qing Dynasties

Taking the Zhao Zhixin’s "The balance of Etiquette and custom" as the center,and combing with other relevant documents of Shandong,this paper focuses on the ritural concepts and confusion of Shandong scholars,and researches the tension and its internal roots between etiquette and custom in Ming and Qing Dynasties from the perspective of social and cultural history.The Ming and qing dynasties were the developed period of the "ceremony under the common people".The rulers and literati vigorously promoted etiquette to the local society and conceived to standardize the folk ritual activities in the orthodox etiquette.They tried to make the common with courtesy,and make common society be polite and form a harmonious atmosphere of etiquette and custom.However,since the mid Ming Dynasty,influenced by The Great Ritual Controversy and other ritual changes and the development of commodity economy,the social atmosphere had great change.The folk ritual activities were beyond the literati’s inherent imagination of orthodox,and the relationship between the folk customs and the norms of orthodoxy became inevitable deviation and tensions,causing the widespread confusion of literati in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Even in the "hometown of Kong Meng" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Shandong region,this situation was no exception.This phenomenon was reflected and expressed in the consideration of Zhao Zhixin’s "The balance of Etiquette and custom".In the process of popularization and practice,the orthodox etiquette was often restricted by many factors,which leads to the violation of etiquette and custom.Dynastic etiquette were often red tape,and the scholar-officials themselves were confined to the risk of custom,which hindered the implementation and dissemination of the family rituals.The practice of the family rituals was restricted by the practical situation,such as the human relationship,the social pressure and financial resources,therefore,there had an important influence on the relationship between etiquette and custom.